










*>t 













' ^'^' 












'•^^^^' 
.*'\. 




v^'^^V^ \J'^^-\/^ '^^V^'^^v^ \.'^'^'^*\-?,^^ 

















• ^ V f"*"' c>>, aP 




^^ '^ ' • • » ' .< 



v^^^ • _ . . 








^^^x 






V 









THE 

MARION INSTITUTE 

OUTLINE OF 



UNITED STATES 
...HISTORY... 



Arranged and Compiled by G. P. Jackson, 
Instructor in History, 
Marion Institute. 



. z 

^A1 B^ 



S)CI.A481626 
FEB -5 1918 



yvtA) 



. \ 



Spanish Explorers. 



Christopher Columbus, native of Genoa; sailed from Palos, Spain, 
August 3, 1492, with three small vessels, — the Santa Maria commanded 
oy Columbus himself, the Pinta commanded by Martin Alonzo Pinzon, and 
the Nina commanded by Vincent Y. Pinzon. The vessels were fitted 
out by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. On October 12, 1492, a landing- 
was made on the island of San Salvador in tke Bahamas. Columbus re- 
turned to Spain and on September 25, 1493, he sailed from Cadiz with a 
fleet of seventeen ships. On this v-^vage, he discovered the Windward 
Islands, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, and founded a colony on Hayti, return- 
mg to Cadiz, July 11, 1494. The third voyage of Columbus resulted in 
the discovery of the continent of South America at the mouth of the 
Orinoco River on August 1, 1498. On this voyage Columbus visited his 
colony on Hayti and was sent back to Spain in chains. On May 9, 1502, 
he sailed from Cadiz on his fourth and last voyage. On this voyage, he 
sailed to the western verge of the Gulf of Mexico in search of a passage 
to China. Columbus returned to Spain in November, 1504, where he 
lived in poverty and obscurity until his death on May 20, 1506. 

Narvaez, Spaniard; attempted the conquest of Florida, 1528. The 
expedition resulted in the death of all but four of the 400 who started. 

DeSoto, Spaniard; explored Pacific coast of Central America; chief 
lieutenant of Pizarro in Peru; attempted conquest of Florida in 1539, 
which resulted in his discovery of the Mississippi River in 1541; died 1542. 

Menendez, Spaniard; founded St. Augustine, 1565; explored the Po- 
tomac and Chesapeake Bay, 1572; butchered many of the followers of 
Ribaut in the Huguenot Settlement in Florida which he destroyed. 

Vincent Yang Pinzon, Spaniard; 1499, discovered and named tk« 
Awazon. 

Cordova, Spaniard; discovered Mexico, 1517. 

Pizarro, Spaniard; conquered Peru, 1532. 

De Ayllon, Spaniard; attempted a settlement near Jaroesfcowa, 152C. 

P»Bce de Leon, Spaniard; accompanied Col«mbus in his second voyage 



to America; became governor of Porto Rico, 1509; discovered Florida, 
1513; mortally wounded by Indians in Florida in 1521. 

Balboa, Spaniard; discovered the Pacific Ocean, 1513. • 

Cortez, Spaniard; conquered Mexico, 1519-1521. 

Cabeza de Vaca, Spaniard; treasurer of Navaez's expedition to Flor- 
ida, 1528, was one of the four survivoi^s of the expedition who reached 
Mexico in safety. Wrote two books of great historical value. 

Cororado, Spaniard; 1540, explored Southwestern United States go- 
ing as far north as Colorado and Kansas, 

Friar Marcos, Spaniard; sent to investigate reports of De Vaca. Ex- 
plored New Mexico and "The Sevon L.'ties of Cibjla." 

Americus Vespucius, born in Florence in 1451, made four voyages 
to America. On the first, 1499, he sailed along the Eastern and Northern 
part of the continent. On the second, 1501, he explored (he coast of 
Brazil. On the third, 1503, he discovered the Bay of All Saints. His 
last voyage was made in 1505. An account of his four voyages gave the 
date of his first voyage as 1497, and resulted in the continent being named 
for him. 

Magellan, Portuguese explorer who sailed under Spanish Flag; discov- 
ered Magellan Strait, and headed an expedition that circumnavigated the 
globe, 1519-1522. MagePan discovered the Phillippines and was killed 
there by the natives in 1521. One ship of the fleet returned to Spain. 

Cabrilla, Portuguese; navigator in employ of Spain, explored the Pa- 
cific coast as far north as Oregon, 1542. 



French Explorers. 



Cartier, French; ascended St. Lawrence to present site of Montreal 
(1535). Attempted settlement in 1541, failure. 

John Ribaui, French; commanded Coligny's expedition to America, 
1562; in 1565, commanded second expedition to Florida and succeeded 
Laudonniere as commander-in-chief; murdered with most of his followers 
by Menendez. 

Verronzani, Florentine ; headed expedition of Francis I, and explored 
eastern coast of United States from Wilmington, N. C, to Gulf of St. 
Lawrence 1524. 

Laudonniere, French; came to America with Ribaut, 1562; built Fort 
Caroline, 1564; when Ribaut was attacked by Menendez, Laudonniere 
escaped and returned to France. 

Champlain, French; ascended St. Lawrence to Lachine Rapids, 1603; 
in 1605, in employ of De Monts founded Port Royal; founded Quebec, 
1608; discovered Lake Champ'ain, 1609; captured by English, 1629; rein- 
stated as governor, 1632. 

De Monts, French; received grant of land between 40° N. and 46° N. 



Latitude; employed Champlain as navigator when settlements were made 
as noted under Champlain. 

La Salle, French; explored St. Lawrence, Western New York and the 
Ohio River, 1666-1674; became governor of Fort Frontenac and engaged 
in fur-trading, 1674-1678; first attempt to explore Mississippi River (1679), 
he sailed through the lakes to Green Bay, established Fort Miami, ascended 
the St. Joseph River, crossed to the Kankakee, established Fort Creve- 
coeur (Peoria), 1680, and returned to P^rontenac for supp'ies; second ex- 
pedition La Salle returned to Peoria and went to mouth of Illinois River, 
returning to Green Bay for supplies; third expedition, he coasted along 
southern shore of Lake Michigan, ascended the Chicago River, crossed to 
the Illinois, descended to the Mississippi and down that river to its mouth, 
(1682), taking possession of the country for France and named it Louis- 
iana; La Salle returned to France; shot dead by his own followers in Texas, 
1687. 

Louis Hennepin, Franciscan missionary; accompanied La Salle on 
first expedition, 1678; explored Mississippi River from mouth of the Illinois 
to the Falls of St. Anthony, which he discovered and named. 

Jaques Marquette, Jesuit missionary; explored Mississippi River from 
mouth of the Wisconsin River to the mouth of the Arkansas, 1673. 

Louis Joliet, French Canadian discoverer; headed the expedition with 
Marquette to the mouth of the Arkansas, 1673. 



English Explorers. 



John Cabot, born in Genoa or Venice; a merchant of Bristol, England 
in 1497 discovered the mainland of North America, somewhere along the 
northeastern coast. He made a second voyage in 1498, accompanied by 
Sebastian Cabot, and died on the voyage. 

Sebastian Cfibot, second son of John Cabot, born in Bristol 1477; 
on the death of his father in 1498, succeeded to the command of the second 
expedition. He explored the eastern coast of North America, probably go- 
ing as far south as the Carolinas and discovered and named Newfoundland. 
In 1517, he made another expedition in the region of the Hudson Bay. 
Later he discovered the La Plata and Paraguay Rivers in South America. 

Sir Francis Drake, English navigator, circumnavigated the globe in 
1577-1580. His exploration of the western coast of America in 1579 
formed the basis of the English claims to the Oregon territory. Drake 
assisted in the defeat of the Armada. Robbed Spanish ships and set- 
tlements on West Coast of North America on his circumnavigation of the 
world. 

Sir John Hawkins, English naval officer; in 1562 brought a cargo of 
300 slaves from Guinea and sold them in Cuba. Assisted in the defeat of 
the Armada in 1588. Was particularly active against Spanish Commerce 



between 1562-1567 and was regarded by them as a pirate. Touched East 
coast of North America on his voyages. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Englishman; half brother of Raleigh; sailed 
for Newfoundland, 1579, but was compelled to return; made another expe- 
dition in 1538; took possession of NeAvfoundland for the English Crown. 
Lost at sea on return voyage. 

Frobisher, English; discovered and named the bay which bears his 
name, 1576. Made one voyage in search of a new passage and two in 
search of gold. 

Sir Walter Raleigh, English; accompanied Gilbert on first expedition; 
sent expedition that took possession of Roanoke Island in 1584; sent colon- 
izing expedition in 1585 to Roanoke Island; sent out a colony in 1587 
under John White; fought Armada, 1588; imprisoned and executed by 
James I. ; wrote History of the World in prison. 

George Weymouth, English; explored coast of Maine, 1605. 

Gosnold, English; the first to sail the direct route across the Atlantic; 
landed in East Massachuetts in 1602, and built a fort on Elizabeth Islaaii; 
later aeco'^panied the Jamestown expedition. 



Portuguese Explorers. 

Cabral, Portuguese; discovered Brazil, 1500. 

Batholomew Diaz, Portuguese; 1487, succeeded in doubling the Cape 
of Storms (Cape of Good Hope). 

Vasco de Gama, Portuguese; the first to reach Indian via Cape of Good 
Hope, 1497. 



Important Miscellaneous Discoveries and Settle- 
ments. 

Henry Hudson, English, made voyages in 1607 and 1608 for English 
merchants to discover a northwest passage and discovered Spitzbergen. 
In 1609, he entered the employ of Dutch and discovered the Hudson River. 
He sailed up this river in his ship "The Half Moon" as far as Albany. He 
was marooned by his sailors in Hudson Bay in 1610 and perished. 

Vitus Behring, Danish, disaovered Behring Strait, 1728 while in em- 
ploy ©f Russia. Russia's olaim to Alaska based cm his veyage. 

Basis to Spa»ish claims to Territory in North Amerioa were the v«y- 

fes of Columbus and other Spanish interior explorers and conquers suoh 
Coronado, Cortez. etc. 
Basis of French Claims to Territory in North America were voyage* 



of Cartier, and then Champlain, LaSalle, etc. 

Basis of English claims to Territory in North America were voyages 
of the Cabots. 

First English Settlement in America. — 1585. Roanoke Island. — Under 
Raleigh's direction. 

First Permanent English Settlement in North America — 160T. 
Jamestown. London Company. John Smith. 

First Permanent French Settlement in North America — 1605. P«rt 
Royal, Nova Scotia. De Monts. 

First Permanent Dutch Settlement in North America. — 1613. New 
York. Fort Amsterdam. 

First Permanent Spanish Settlement in North America. — 1565. St. 
Augustine by Menendez. 



Rise and Development of the Colonies. 

VIRGINIA 

I. 1606 — Charter granted to Virginia Company to colonize In North 

America. 

1 — The Plymouth Company 
2 — The London Company 
A — This Company had two branches 
B — By the terms of the Charter the London Company lay 

between the ||s 34 and 38. 
C — By the same terms, the Plymouth Company lay between 

||s 41 and 45. 
D — The territory between 38° and 41° was open to the first 
who settled it, but no rival could settle within 100 miles 
of a prior settlement by the other Company. 

E In 1606, the Plymouth Company attempted a settlement 

at Kennebec, Maine. After one winter, they reutrned to 
England. 
F — In 1607, The London Company settled at Jamestown, Va. 
Success. First permanent English settlement in North 
America, 
n. Government of London Company and Colony in Virginia, 1607. 

A — Two Councils. 

1 — Superior Council meeting in England, appointed and 

removed by King at will. 
2 — Inferior Council meeting in Colonies appointed by Su- 
perior Council with King. 
B — In 1609, the King conferred his power on the Superior 

Council in England. 
C — In 1619 Two Changes. 

1 — A Council was appointed to assist and keep a check 
on the Governor and to serve as the Upper House in 
the Legislature. 
2 — Each Ct)unty was given the right of electing two mem- 
bers to the House of Burgesses which w^as to be tht 
Lower House in the Legislature. 
This was the first popularly elective representatiTe as- 
sembly in Noi'th America. 
D — 1621 — Sandy's Constitution. 

1 — By this, both Houses of the Legislature were to be 

elected by the people. 
2 — The Governor was still appointed by the Superior Coun- 
cil and had veto over Acts of the Legislature while 



Superior Council had veto over acts ot the Governor. 
E — 1624 — Virginia became a Royal Colony. 

1 — Law was unchanged. The King merely took the plac« 
of the Superior Council 
F — 1624-1776. Virginia remained a Royal Colony. 
1607 — Jamestown — John Smith — Charter Colony — Anglican Church — Lon- 
don Company. 

I. Settlement. 

1 — Place 

A — Jamestown 1607. 
2 — Settlers. 

A — Sent out by London Company. 
B — Main idea was gold or commercial gain. 
C — Leaders. 

1 — John Smith. 

II. Colony. 

1— Starting 1608-c». 
2 — Dale Laws. 

A system of Commercial Labor. 
3 — Liberals in England control Colony, 1614. 
m. The year 1619. 

1 — First representative governing body in North America. 
2 — First Negro slaves brought over by Dutch Ship. 
■ 3i — Women brought to North American Settlement. 
IV. 1 — Great Massacre 1622. 

A — Opechancanough — 400 Whites killed. 
Servants. 

1 — Indentured s^'Tfvants. 

A — White from England. 
2 — Slaves. 

A — Negroes. 

VI. Agriculture. 

1 — Principal Industry. 
2 — Tobacco. 
3 — Plantation System. 
4 — Poor Whites. 

VII. Virginia's attitude toward Parlimentary Government in England* 

1 — Favored English Royalists. 
2 — Parlimentary Commission. 
3 — Cavalier Migration 1650-1660. 

VIII. Second Great Massacre. 1644. 

1 — Opechancanough — 300 Whites killed. 

IX. Bacon's Rebellion .1^.75-6- 

1 — Francis Bacon. 

2— Sir William Berkley, 

3 — Destruction of Jamestewa. 



4 — Results of Rebellion were Berkley's removal and mere 
liberal government. 

X. Sir William Berkley. 

l_Governor 1642-52. (Second Term) 1659-76. 
V 2 — Arbitrary exercise of power. 

3 — Bacon's Rebellion. 
4 — Recalled home to answer charges 167G. 

XI. Steady development of Colony in Political Experience, in Agricul- 

ture, Population, Slavery, 1700 — 

XII. Oppostition in Virginia to English Acts of Resolution. 

1 — Parson's Cause 1763. 
2 — Henry's Resolutions 176S. 
3 — Represented at Stamp Act Congress 1765. 
4 — ^Started Non-Importation of British Goods 1769. 
5 — Virginia Resolves 17&8. 

6 — Represented, in 1st and 2nd Continental Congress. 
7 — Authorized R. H. Lee to propose Independence in 2nd 
Continental Congress. 



MARYLAND. 

St. Mary's — 1634 — Calviert — Catholic — Proprietary. 

I. 1631 — Grant of land to George Calvert. 

II. 1634 — Cecilius Calevrt — The Great Lord Baltimore — sent out first 

settlers. 

Settlement made at St. Mary's. 

A proprietary colony — proprietor had to support King in 
War and could not make laws contrary to those in England 
Otherwise, his power was practically unlimited. 
in. 1635 — Trouble with Claibourne over Kent Island. 

A — Victory for Maryland. 

IV. 1645 — Ingle-Claiborne rebellion in Maryland. 

V. 1649 — Act of Toleration. 

A — Absolute Religious freedom. 
B — Invitation to Puritans. 
C — Invitation to Quakers. 

VI. 1655 — Battle of Providence — Catholics defeated by the Puritans. 
Vn. 1691 — Maryland became a Royal Colony. 

VIII. 1715 — Restored to Proprietor. 



PLYMOUTH. 

IfSO — rPil^ms — Plymouth — Self Goyernlxig — Separatt»ts. 



Separated — Seeking Religious Independence. 

Had permission to settle in Virginia from London Company, 
but missed direction and settled in Massachusetts where 
they established Independent Democratic Government. 

II. Religion of Pilgrims. 

1 — Separated — desired to separate completely from the Es- 
tablished Church of England. 

2 — Came from Scrooby, England, to Leyden, Holland. 

3 — Did not desire children to become Dutch in habit, so they 
migrated to the New World. 

III. Government. 

1 — "Mayflower Compact." 

2 — Never had a charter or a Royal Governor. 

IV. William Bradford and Miles Standish. 

V. 1643 — Member of New England Confederation. 

VI. 1691 — Joined to Massachusetts Bay Colony by King William. 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY 

I. Plymouth Company reorganized 1620, into Council of New England 

1 — Territory divided among prominent members of Council. 

II. Early Fishing villages along Coast. 

III. Men at Dover, England, secure grant of land for Mass. 1628. 

IV. Royal Charter granted to Massachusetts Bay Company. Charter 

gave right to elect Governor, "Court of Assistants," other 
officers, and to pass laws, not contrary to those of England. 

V. 1628 — First Settlement at Salem. 

VI. 1629 — Cambridge — Agreement — Colony very intolerant, 

VII. 1630-1640 — Puritan Migration, 

VIII. Royal attempt to take away Charter — Failure. 

IX. Massachusetts Code of Laws. First to be issued in Colonies. 

X. 1643 — Leading member of New England Confederation. 

XI. 1643 — Laid successful claim to territory of Maine. 

XII. 1661 — Declaration of Rights. 

XIII. King Phillip's War. 

XIV. 1684 — Made Royal Colony. 

XV. 1686-89 — Governorship of Andros. 

1 — Charter Oak. 

2 — Rebellion vs. Andros. 

3 — Restoration of Charter Government. 

XVI. 1689-92— Salem Witchcraft — a score of innocent persons exec«t- 

ed due to this witch-scare which swept over the Colony. 
IVII. 1700 — Development of Colony in Political Independence, in 
Commerce, ship building, and religious t»leratioH. 



le 

XVIII. Opposition in Massachusetts to British Restrictions. 
1 — 1761 — Writs of Assistance. 

1765 — Represented at Stamp Act Congress. 
2 — 1765 — Represented at Stamp Act Congress. 
3 — 1769 — Massachusetts "Circular Letter." 
4 — 1768 — Riot in Boston over "Seizure of Liberty." 
5 — 1770 — Boston Massacre. 
6 — 1773 — Boston Tea Party. 

7 — 1774-1775 — Represented at first and second Continental 
Congresses. 



CONNECTICUT. 

I. 1633-36 — Early settlement by people from Massachusetts Colony, 

under Rev. Thomas Hooker. 

II. 1639 — Union of Windsor, Weatherfield and Hartford. 

III. 1639 — Adoption of "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut." 

IV. Prominent part played by Rev. Thomas Hooker. 

V. 1633 — Dutch settlement at Fort Good Hope in the Conn. Valley, 

VI. 1662 — Royal Charter with right to e^ect Governor. Retained 

this right until Revolution. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1622. Granted to Mason and Gorges as Proprietors by Council for New 

England. 
1629. Portsmouth settled by Governor Neal. 
1629. Mason given exclusive control over New Hampshire, 
1641. New Hampshire joined to Massachusetts. 
1691. New Hampshire made a Royal Colony. 

1765-1777. Dispute between New Hampshire and New York over Ver- 
mont, settled by Vermont becoming a seperate state. 



NEW HAVEN 

16S8. Rev. John Davenport and Theopilius Eaton 'ead a company of em- 
igrants, mostly from Massachusetts into New Haven and founded th« 
Colony. Eaton elected Governor for many years. 

1662. Colony joined to Conneticut. 



11 



NEW YORK 



I. 1609 — Henry Hudson sailed up Hudson River, 

n. 1614 — First settlement at Ft. Amsterdam. 

in. 1621 — Dutch West India Co., assumed control. 

1 — Patroon System. 

IV. 1626 — Purchase of Manhattan Island for $24. 

V. Four Governors. 

1 — Minuet. 

2 — Van Tvpiller. 

3— Kieft. 

4 — Stuyvesant. 

VI. 1653 — Threatened by English fleet. 

VII. 1664 — Captured by Eng'ish Fleet. 

VIII. 1664 — Given by King to his brother, The Duke of York — Ne^w 

York. 

IX. 1665 — The Duke's Laws. 

X. 1685 — Became Royal Colony. 

XI. 1688 — Under control of Andros, 

XII. 1689 — Leisler Rebellion. 

XIII. 1690 — New York Congress. 

XIV. 1692 — Royal Government Restored and Leisler executed. 

XV. 1700 — Development of Colony steadily under English control. 

XVI. 1754 — Represented at Albany Convention. 

XVII. 1765 — Represented at Stamp Act Congress. 



DELAWARE 

1638. Settled by Swedes at New Christiana. • 

1656. Captured and brought under control of the Dutch in New York. 

1664. Came under English control along with New York and given to 

same proprietor, the Duke of York. 
1682. Sold by Proprietor to Wm. Penn. 

1703. Secured separate Legislature but retained same Governor as Penn- 
sylvania until the Revolution. 



NEW JERSEY. 



1617. Scattered Dutch Settlement. 

1664. Granted to Lords Berkley and Carteret, 

1665. First English Settlement at Elizabeth, 
1682. West Jersey sold to William Penn. 

1702, Became Royal Colony with same Governor as New York. 

1738. Made separate Roya^ Colony. 



12 



PENNSLYVANIA 



1681. Granted to Wm. Penn by King in payment for father's claim for 

services. 
1682. First settlement at Philadelphia. Proprietory Colony settled by 
Quakers. ''Penn's Frame of Government." Liberal constitution 
granted by Penn to Colony. There was a large number of Ger- 
man settlers. Colonists treated Indians squarely, so had no trouble 
with them. Bought land from Indians. 
Pennsylvania became Financial and Literary center of Colonies. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

1636. Roger Williams driven from Massachusetts for his religous beliefs 
Bought lands from the Indians and founded Providence. Mrs. 
Hutchinson founded Newport in 1639. 

1643. Organized settlements into New Colony under ''Providence Planta- 
tions." Independent self-government, elected own Governor. Re- 
ligious freedom. 

1663. Received Royal Charter from King George. Right to select own 
Governor until Revolution. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

1653. Settled on Albemarle Sound by Virginia dissenters. 

1663. Territory granted by King to eight proprietors who employed John 
Locke to draw up a Constitution. Known as the Grand Model. 

1663-8. Settlement made by proprietors on Albemarle Sound. Proprie- 
tary Colony — had a series of bad Governors. 

1712-13. Tuscarora War. Indians defeated. 

1729. Became a Royal Colony and progressed better. 



SOUTH CAROLINA 

1663. Granted to proprietors along with North Carolina. 

1670. First settlement at Port Royal, Sir John Yeaman. 

1680. Settlement moved to Charleston. Trouble with Spanish in Florida, 

Spanish attack on Charleston. 
1714-15. Yemassee War. 
1729. Became Royal Colony. Received & large number of Huguenot 

tiers during early days. Proprietory Colony until 1729. 



13 

GEORGIA. 

1732. Grant of land to certain reformers in England headed by Geneial 
Oglethorpe to establish a Colony for English debtors. 

1733. First Settlement at Savannah. 

A — Colony for debtors, etc., from English prisons. At first slavery 
and virhiskey were prohibited. This colony served as a Buffer 
State against Spanish in Florida. Considerable distance be- 
tween Oglethorpe and Spanish. 
1752. Became a Royal Colony. 



nan war^ 



1G22. Great Massacre in Virginia. 

1637. Pequot War in New England. 

1644. Second Great Massacre in Virginia. 

1675. King Phillip's War. 

1712-13. Tuscarora War in North Carolina. 

1714-15. Yernassee War in South Carolina. 



Religion of the Colonies. 

New England. Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational in discipline. 
Massachusetts Bay Colony ^nd Connecticut were Puritan. 
Rhode Island had Re'igious Toleration. Plymouth was 
Separasist. New Hampshire was Puritan. Intolerant ex- 
cept Rhode Island. 

New York. Dutch Reform. Lutheran. 

Pennsylvania. Quaker and Dutch Reform. Toleration. 

Maryland. Catholic originally, then a majority of Protestants, chiefly Pur- 
itans. Toleration. 

Deleware. Quaker. 

Virginia. Church of England. 

New Jersey. Quaker. Dutch Reform. 

Carolinas. Church of England. 

Gcoi'gia. All religious denominations permitted. 



Conditions at the End of the Seventeenth 



Of the thirteen original colonies, all established except Georgia, by 



14 

1700. 

New England Colonies. — Population : Massachusetts, including Maine 
about 70,000; Connecticut,25,000; Rhode Island, 6,000; New Hampshire, 
5,000. 

Characterized by thrift, piety, and love of liberty. Town meetings 
for management of local affairs. 

An aristocracy based mainly on education and religion. The clergy 
Hd all public affairs. The other professions less important. 

Industries ; mining, lumbering, tanning, and distilling. Nails, cloth 
and similar things made for home use. Fisheries and whaling very pro- 
fitable. 

Social life: 'Boston and New Haven — prosperous towns — common 
school in each village. Homes comfortable. Puritan simplicity of dress, 
manners, and morals. 

Religious intolerance. — Culmination in persecution of the witches, 
— "Salem Witchcraft." Nineteen persons hanged and one pressed to death 
at Salem (1692). 

Literature: Very little; chiefly religious writers, Thomas Hooker, 
John Cotton, Roger Williams, Increase Mather, and (most celebrated) 
Cotton Mather. 

The Middle Colonies Population: New York, about 25,000; the 

Jerseys, 14,000; Pennsylvania and De'aware 20,000. 

Characterized by mixed population — Dutch stolidity and Quaker so- 
briety, modified English Enterprise. 

The "Patroons" in New York, and a few wealthy Quakers were semi- 
aristocratic. The professions were respected, but clergy less prominent, 
owing to mixed religious influences. Majority of people in agriculture or 
in trade. (Fur, grain, and f)our were exported.) 

Social life less sober than in New England — dances, husking, races, 
cockfights, Quaker influence almost as strong as Puritan against Sabbath 
breaking, however. Educational facilities were only fair, even in larger 
towns. 

Politically — not so wel' governed, heavier taxes, and discontent 
against officials. 

For the management of local affairs, a mixed system of town meeting 
and county committee prevailed. 

The Southern Colonies. — Population: Maryland, about 25,000; Vir- 
ginia, 60,000; the Carolinas, 5,000. English predominated; Scotch, Irish 
and French Huguenots. 

Social classes. — (a) The planters, men of excellent birth and good 
manners; aristocratic. 

(b) The small farmers and mechanics, men of little education but of 
sturdy vi*-tue. 

(c) The indentured white servants, frequently of the criminal class. 

(d) The black s-aves— fairly well treated. 

The South of this period characterized by system of practically inde- 



1& 

pendent plantations. Isolation was the rule in ag7-iculture, commerce, and 
administration. The Parish or County committee, appointed by Governor, 
managed loca? affairs. Local government was diffiicult and inefficient. 
Towns were hardly to be found. Schools were few. (Rich planters em- 
ployed tutors.) The clergy were illiterate and often immoral. To offset 
its disadvantages, the isolation fostered a love of independence and manly 
self reliance. 



Political Status of the Colonies in 1 736 

Colonies were of three chief types politically: 

(1). Charter Colony in which Governor was selected by Charter 

holders who exercised large powers of Government. 
(2). Proprietary Colony in which the selection of the Governor and 
large powers of Government were vested in the hands of the 
Proprietor. 
(3). Royal Colony in which the appointment of the Governor and 
exercise of veto and other powers were vested in the hands of 
the King. 
By 1763 all colonies had a Legislature in which the voice and wishes 
of the colonists wouldl be heard. 

r Connecticut 
A — Charter Colonies were ^ Rhode Island 

[ Massachusetts 

f Pennsylvania 
B — Proprietary Colonies were \ Deleware 

i Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

New York 
C^— Royal Colonies were -| Georgia 

I South Carolina 
I New Jersey ' 

New Hampshire 



Colonial Wars. 

(1). 1622. First Great Massacre in Virginia Opechancanough. 

400 whites killed. Caused by Indian fears of encroachments of the set- 
tiers. Settlers took fearful vengeance. 

(2). 1637. Pequot War in New England. Indians were aroused 
♦v«r Interior advance of settlers. Started in Connecticut. Two massa- 



16 

cres of Indians by whites and their Indian allies broke power of Pequots 
completely. Peace for many years resulted. 

(3. 1644. Second Great Massacre in Virginia. Last effort of Op- 
echancanough to drive settlers back. 300 whites massacred but Indians 
were finally driven from Tidewater, Virginia. 

(4). 1675-1676. King Phillip's War- General Indian War in New 
England. Led by King Phillip. Massacre of Narragansett Indians at 
Kingston by whites. War waged bitterly by both sides until 1676 when 
in one battle 120 Indians were killed and King Phillip captured. Colonists 
suffered terribly from raids and massacres but Indian strength was com- 
pletely broken. This war caused general Indian unre&t which lead to Ba- 
con's expedition vs. Indians in Virginia. 

(5). King William's War. 1690-97 Cause: The French aided by 
the Indians of Maine and Canada, and the Engi&h colonists aided by the 
Iroquois or "Five Nations," took up the quarrel of their mother countries 
then engaged in the war of Palatinate. 

Events. Indian raid on Schenetady resulted in 60 English colonists 
killed and 27 captured. 

Salmon Falls, New Hampshire raided and burned. 
Haverhill captured by French and Indians 
New York Congress of 1690. 

Capture of Port Ro^^al, N. S. by a jonit British and Colonial 
Massachusetts fleet. 

Failure of Phipps in command of Mass., fleet and land force 
to capture Quebec. 
Result. Treaty of Ryswick. No territorial changes. 
(6). Queen Anne's War. 1701-1713. 
Ciaus6. The English and French colonies again sided with their mother 

countries during war of Spanish Succession. 
Events- Raid on Deerfield by French and Indians resulted in death 
of 53 English and capture of 111 who were carried prison- 
ers to Canada. 

Capture of Port Royal, N. S. by a Joint British and Colonial 
force. . 

Failure of large English Expedition against Quebec. 
St. Augustine, Fla., burned by English colonists. 
Defeat of Spanish attack on Charleston, S. C. 
Result. Treaty of Utrecht 1713. Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and 
Hudson Bay region ceded to England. Iroquois acknow- 
ledged to be English Subjects. 
(7). Tuscarora War. 1711-1712. 

Tuscarora Indians in North Carolina made sudden and ter- 
ble attack on the Settlements but Virginia and South Caro- 
lina sent help, the latter defeating the Indians in the prin- 
cipal battle of the war. These Indians then migrated NortU 
and joined the Five Nations, making "Six Nations" of the 



17 

Iroquois. 
(8). Yemassee War. 1714-1715. 

The Yemassee Indians started another sickening war in South 
Carolina but were driven from the Colony. They retreated 
to St. Augustine, Fla., where Spanish gladly received them. 
It is thought that the Spanish instigated this war. 

(9). King George's War- 1745-1748. 

Cause. English and French Colonists again took up quarrel of their 
countries in the war of the Austi'ian Succession. 

Evetiis. Capture of Louisburg by William Peperell, a merchant of 
Maine, in command of 4,000 New England troops. Siege 
lasted 40 days. Peperell knighted for his victory which 
carried great rejoicing in Colonies and England. 

Result. Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle, 1748. Louibsurg returned to 
France. This caused great colonial indignation. 
(10). French and Indian War. 

■ Causes. Desire of both English and French to occupy and control 
Ohio Valley and to establish their influence over Indians 
here. Bienville, with 214 French occupied this country in 
1749 and claimed it for France. In same year, the Ohio 
Company received grant of land in this section. In 1753 
Duquesne, governor of Canada, sent 1,000 Frenchmen here 
who constructed a series of French Forts at Presque Isle, 
La Boeup and Vernango. The next year, (1754) Governor 
Dinwiddle of Virginia sent George Washington with a letter 
of protest to the French on account of their occupation of 
this territory and an English force built a FoH at the Junc- 
tion of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. The French 
claiming the territory by the explorations of La Salle and 
Bienville paid no attention to the letter of protest, but took 
the English Fort and changed its name to Fort Duquesne. 

Events. 1754. Washington advancing with 300 men, surprised and 
defeated a French force at Great Meadows but was surround- 
ed and forced to surrender at Fort Necessity. He and his 
force were allowed to return to Virginia. Then the War be- 
came general in the Colonies. 
The Albany Convention. 

1755. Braddocks Defeat- General Braddock commanding 1,500 

British regulars and 450 Colonists under Washington sur- 
prised and badly defeated by 850 French and Indians. 
Braddock lost 900 men. Washington's bravery and general- 
ship saved the rest. 
Forcible removal of Arcadians from Nova Scotia by British. 

1756. Formal Declaration of War between England and France. 
Capture of Oswego by Montcalm. 

1757. Capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm. Pitt became 



18 

Prime Minister in England and pursued strong: poMcy from now on against 
French. 

1758. Capture of Louisburg by Lord Amherst with large English 
Fleet, Capture of Forts Frontenac and Duquesne by English. Chain of 
French Forts now broken in Ohio Valley. Repulse of Abercrombie's large 
force by Montcalm at Ticonderoga. Failure of Abercrombie's expedition. 

1759. Amherst with 11,000 men, captured Forts Niagara, Oswego. 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Wolfe with 9,000 men and a large fleet 
attacked Quebec which Montcalm with 16.000 men defended. Defeat of 
the French on ''The Plains of Abraham." Fall of Quebec- One of the 
decisive Battles of History. Both Wolfe and Montcalm killed. 

1760. Fall of Moitrea^ ended War in America. 

Results- Treaty of Paris 176-3. France ceded to England all of 

Canada, except two Islands in the St. Lawrence, Cape Breton 

and all of Territory east of the Mississippi River except New 

Orleans. France ceded to Spain, New Orleans and all of her 

territory west of Mississippi River. Spain ceded Florida 

England in exchange for Havana and Manila which England 

had seized durirg the War. Only England and Spain were 

now left to contend for North America. France eliminated. 

(11). Pontiac's War or Pontiac Conspiracy. 1763-1764. 

Pontiac formed a conspiracy among the Northwest Indians to drive the 

British from their newly won posts in the Northwest. The conspiracy was 

well organized and the French encouraged it. So in 1763, ten posts from 

Pennsylvania to Michigan were captured by almost simultaneous attacks of 

the Indians. Fort Pitt and Detroit were warned and held out until Col. 

Bouquet defeated the Indians at Busby Run and relieved Fort Pitt. Then 

in 1764, he invaded the Indian country and made peace with them at 

Fort Niagara. Pontiac remained hostile, however, until killed by another 

Indian near St. Louis. Pontiac was one of the ablest and most patriotic 

Indians. 

(12). Revolutionary War. 



ACTS OF TAXATION, COMMERCIAL RESTRICTIONS AND OPPRES- 
SIVE LAWS THAT LEAD UP TO REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

Na-dgation Acts. 16-51, 1660, 166-3, 1672, 1696. 

(1). Certain "enumerated goods" should be shipped by col- 
onists only to England. 

(2). Colonists were forbidden to buy goods directly from 
any foreign country except England. All imports had t» 
pass through the hands of British merchants. 

fZ). Trade at sea had to be in English or Colonial own©4 
and buUt ships. 

(4). Goods sent from oae Colony to aHother vrere suhjtt 
to ft customs dmty. 



19 

/ ' (5). Offenders against these Laws should be tried either in 

Local courts or in special Admiralty Courts as the British 

Officials should see fit. 
(6). Board of Trade and Plantations, known as the "Lords 

of Trade", having constant and general supei'vision over 

all Colonial affairs, was created. 
IL Hat Act. 1732. 

Exportation of hats from Colonies forbidden. 
in. First Sugar or Molasses Act. 1733. 

Heavy duty laid on all Sugar imported into Colonies from 

countries not under English control. 

IV. Iron Act. 1750. 

Colonial manufacture of Iron and Steel prohibited. 

V. Proclamation. 1763. 

A Royal proclamation divided the territory ceded to Eng- 
land in North America by Treaty of Paris, 1703, into 
three new provinces — Quebec, East Florida, West Florida 
and reserved all territory west of a line down the Appa- 
lachian mountains for future action by the crown. This 
was a serious infringement of Colonial Charter Limits. 

VL Grenville Acts. 1764-1765. 

(1). Second Sugar or Molasses Act. 1764. Increased. 
A — Colonial support of British army in Colonies. 
B — Efficient and Increased Colonial Taxation. 
(2). Acts 

(1). 2nd Sugar or Molasses Act 1764 increased and en- 
larged the scope of the first Sugar Act. 
(2). Quartering Act, 1765. Provided for Quartering of 
10,000, British troops -in Colonies. 

(3). Stamp Act, 1765. Required Colonists to pay stamp 
duty on Legal Documents, Playing Cards, Newspapers, Pam- 
phlets and Almanacs. Repealed 1766, under Rocking- 
ham ministry but at the same time (1766) Parlaiment 
passed the Declaratory Act, asserting its right "to Leg- 
islate for the Colonies in all cases whatsoever." 

Vri. Townshend Acts. 1767. 

A new Colonial policy based on the Declaratory Act and de- 
signed primarily to raise revenue. 

(1). Import tax on wine, oil, glass, paper, lead, painters' 

colors and tea coming into Colonies. 

ident in Colonies, to control Customs Service. 

(2). Creation of a Board of Customss Commissions, res- 

(3). Legalized Writs of Assistance. 

(4). Revenue cases to be tried by special admiralty courts. 

(5). New York Mutiny Act — suspended N. Y. Legislature 

for failure to provide quarters for British troops in N. Y. 



20 

under Quartering Act. 

In 1770 all taxes under Townshend Acts were removed 
except the Tax on Tea, which was kept to maintain the 
Right of Parliament to Tax Colonies. 
VIII. Acts of Intoleration 1774. 

Came as a result of Boston Tea Party, Aimed chiefly at 

Massachusetts. 

(1). Closed Port of Bostor — Boston Port Act. 
(2). Suspended the operation of the Liberal Charter of 
Massachusetts — Massachuetts Charter Act. 
(3). Provided for trial outside the Colony for officials 
charged with capital crimes while performing their duties 
— Transportation Act. 

(4). .Provided for quartering of British troops in the 
Colony — -Quartering Act. 

(5). Reorganized the domain ceded by France in 1763 
into province of Quebec, governed by a Legitlative Coun- 
cil appointed by the Crown with Catholic church established 
by law and with limits including the region bs- 
tween the Ohio River and the Great Lakes — Quebec Act. 



OTHER OVERT ACTS, CASES OF RESISTANCE ETC., WHICH LEAD 
UP TO REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

I. Use of Writs of Assistance. 

These writs, which were general search warrants, were used 
by British officials in Colonies in their search for smuggled 
or suspected goods. In 1761, their legality was opposed in 
Boston in Courts by James Otis but the decision went against 
him. Then under Townshend Acts they were Legalized by an 
act of Parliament. 

IL Parson's Cause. 1763. 

The Virginia Legislature in 1760, foreseeing a small crop of 
tobacco that year, passed a Law authorizing the payment of 
salaries of the Parsons in money at the rate of two-pence 
per pound instead of in tobacco, which was then selling for 
six pence per pound, as had been the custom. The Parsons 
appealed to the King who nullified the Law and in 1763 the 
Clergymen brought suit for this difference in tlieir salaries. 
Patrick Henry ably opposed their claims and attested the 
right of the King to nuMify this Law, but the decision was 
in favor of the Parsons who were awarded only one penny 
damages. 

III. Henry's Resolutions. 1765. 

Introduced by Patrick Henry in Virginia Legislature condemn- 
ing the Stamp Act and c-aiming for the Colony the exclusive 



21 

right of Taxing itself in its own assembly. Made his famous 
Ivition. 

IV. Effect of Grenville's Acts on Colonies. 

(1). Petitions fi-om Colonies to Parliament. 

(2). Spread of popular Indignation and Formation of 
"Sons of Liberty" in the Colonies. 
(3). Henry's Resolutions in Virginia Legislature. 
(4). Mob violence against Stamp Officers and Home of 
Justice Hutchinson in Boston. 
(5). Stamp Act Congress. 

V. Difference in British and Colonial Ideas of Representation and 

Taxation. 

(1). Internal Taxation. 

(2). External Taxation. 

(3). Theoretical Representation. • » 

(4). Actual Representation. 

VI. Stamp Act Congress 1765. 

VII. Resistance to Townshend Acts. 

(1). Massachusetts Circular Letter suggesting coopera- 
tion among Colonies in defence of their rights. Mass., 
Legislature refused to rescind this letter on the order of 
the Britsih Colonial Secretary and was adjourned by Gov- 
ernor. 

(2). Dickinson's "Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer." 
(3). Non-Importation Agreements 1769. Started by 
Virginia. Taken up by other Colonies. This system of 
"Touching the Pocket Nerve" had largely to do with the 
Repeal of the Townshend Acts. 
VIIL Virginia Resolves. 1769. 

Brought about through Colonial opposition to proposed English 
Law that Colonists accused of Treason be brought to England 
for trial. So the Virginia assembly in 1769 adopted Resolu- 
tion declaring — 

(1). That the Virginia assembly together with Council 
of King or his representative have sole right of imposing 
Taxes on Colonists of Virginia 

(2). That the Colonists had right to petition for redress 
of grievance and to petition jointly with other Colonists. 
(3). That all trials for crime should be within Colony 
and by the known course of law. 
Copies of these resolutions sent to other Colonial Legislatures 
with the request for concurrence on them and most adopted 
similar resolutions. 
IX. Seizure of Liberty. 1768. 

A determined effort on the part of the British Custom Officials 
to enforce the Townshend Acts led to the seizure of the sloop 



22 

"Liberty" owned by John Hancock. A riot resulted which 
caused the British officials to request more troops and ships. 
While the Governor refused the request of Boston people to 
call the Assembly, Delegates from several towns, however, met 
in Boston but accomplished nothing. 

X. Boston Massacre. 1770. 

Strained relations between Colonists and British officials and 
soldiers arose over the presence of two regiments of British 
troops in Boston since the "Liberty" affair. So in March 1770, 
a street fight between laborers and soldiers resulted in a riot 
between citizens and soldiers in which four citizens were killed 
and several wounded. At town committee demanded the re- 
moval of the troops from Boston which after some delay was 
done. Then in the trial of the officers and soldiers present 
at the shooting, two soldiers were convicted of manslaughter 
and branded in the hand. 

XI. Burning of Gaspee. 1772. 

The Gaspee, a British Naval vessel on patrol in Nari-agansett 
Bay while pursuing a Colonir.l ve'^sel suspected of violating 
Navigation A ;ts, ran aground. During the night men from 
Providence bu "ned the Gaspee. A British Commission inves- 
gated the affair without success. This investigation led Vir- 
ginia to form a permanent Committee of Correspondence. 
Mass., New Hampshire; Conn.; Rhode Island; and South Car- 
olina did likewise. 

Xn. Boston Tea Party 1773. 

The British Parliment in an effort to relieve the financial dif- 
ficulties of the British East India Company, permitted this 
Company to import tea into Colonies without condition ex- 
cept a Colonial duty of three pence per pound on tea pur- 
chased in Colonies. The Colonists objected to this Tax and 
in Philadelphia and New York vessels were not permitted 
to unload their tea cargoes while in Boston, when Gov. 
Hutchinson seemed determined to land the tea there, a party 
of about 50 men disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and 
dumped the tea into the water. All Colonies except Penn.. 
now had permanent Committees of Correspondence. This 
"Tea Party" led directly to the "Intolerable Acts." 

XIII. First Continental Congress. 1774. 

XVI. Battles of Lexington and Concord. 1775. 

XV. Second Continental Congress. 1775. 

XTI. Declaration of Independence. 1776. 



■ ' - '■ 23 

Revolutionary War 

I. 1775-1776. War chiefly in New England States. 

1775. Lexington and Concord. (A) Parker — Pitcairn. 
Second Continental Congress. 

Formation of Continental Army. Washington, Com- 
mander-in-Chief. 

Capture of T.conderoga. (A) Ethan Allen — Delaplace 
Battle of Bunker Hill. (B) Prescott — Howe. 
Montgomery and Arnold's invasion of Canada. Mont- 
gomery captured Montreal and joined Arnold before 
Quebec. Joint attack on Quebec failed. Montgom- 
ery killed. Arnold retreateJ. 
British in Boston besieged by Washington. 

1776. Evacuation of Boston by British. (A) Washington — • 
Howe. 

Declaration of Independence. July 4. 
Defeat of British Naval attack on Charleston. (A) 
Moultrie — Clinton. 

II. 1776-1778. War chiefly in the Middle States. 

1776. Washington moved to Nev/ York. 

Battle of Long Island. (B). Washington-Putman VS. 
Howe. 

Evacuation of New York and retreat by Washington. 
Battle of Harlem. (A) Washington — Howe. 
Execution of Nathan Hale by British. 
Battle of White Plains. (B) Washington — Howe. 
Capture of Forts Washington and Lee by Howe. 
Washington's retreat across New Jersey. 
First Treachery of Charles Lee. 

Situation gloomy for Americans. Militia was desert- 
ing. Congress seemed helpless. Only couarge and 
perseverence of Washington kept the American Army 
partially intact. 

Howe's Amnesty Proclamation 

Battle of Trenton. (A) Washington-Rail. First crisis 
of War successfully passed. 

1777. Battle of Prim-eton. (A) Washington-Cornwallis 
Washington-Howe campaign in Pennsylvania. 

The British planned to gain control of New York. 

Burgoyne and St. Leger were to come down front 

Canada and Howe to advance up from New York. 

All were to meet at Albany. 

Washington-Howe campaign in Pennsylvania. 

(1) Howe did not receive his orders to this effect 90 



24 



he transferred his army by water to the head of Chese- 
peake Bay. 
1 (2). Battle of Brandy wine. (B) Washington-Howe 

(3). British occupation of Philadelphia. 
(4). Battle of Germantown (B) Washington-Howe 
(5). Washington went into winter quarters at Valley 
Forge. Suffering of American troops there. Help 
rendered by Foreign Officers, Steuben, DeKalb, and 
LaFayette. 
Burgoyne-St. Leger Campaign. 

Burgoyne advanced by way of Lake Champlain. 
(1). Evacuation of Ticonderoga. (B) Burgoyne- 
St. Clair. 

(2) Battle of Bennington. (A) Strak-Baum. 

(3) Battle of Bemis Heights.. _ (Ind.) Gates-Bur- 
goyne. 

(4) Battle of Stillwater or Freeman's Farm. (A), 
Gates, Arnold — Morgan, Burgoyne. 

(5). Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. Second 

Crisis of War. British plan thwarted, New York 

saved. British forced to offer concessions and French 

aid secured. Arnold and Morgan deserve the credit 

for the defeat of Burgoyne. 

Meanwhile St. Leger had advance down the Mohawk 

Valley. 

(1). Siege of Fort Stanwix by St. Leger. 

(2). Battle of Orinsky. (A). Herkimer-Johnson. 

(3). The British defeat at Oi*iskany and a successful 

sortie from Ft. Stanwix forced St. Leger to retire to 

Canada. Thus both invasions of New York by the 

British here were unsuccessful. 

1778. Offensive and Defensive Alliance with France. Led 

to financial and military support from France. 
Clinton supplanted Howe as British Commander. 
Retreat of British from Philadelphia. 
Battle on Monmouth. (Ind.) Washington-Clinton. The 
second treachery of Charles Lee. 

Indian Massacres of Americans in Wyoming and Cher- 
ry Valley. 

Sullivan's retaliatory expedition against Indians. 
Georgie Rogers Clark's expvedition to the Northwest. 
(J). Capture of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincen- 
nes and extension of American control over this sec- 
tion by Clark. 

Naval victory of John Paul Jones off Flamborougfc 
Head. (A), 



2S 

III. War Chiefly in the South. 

1778. British invasion of the South. 
Capture of Savannah by Clinton. (B). 

1779. British overran Georgia. 

Unsuccessful land and sea atta?k on Savvannah by 

American Army under Gen. Lincoln and French Fleet 

D'Estaing. 

Capture of Stony Point in New York by a surprise 

night attack by Gen. Anthony Wayne. (A.) 

1780. Capture of Charleston and Gen Lincoln's army by 
Clinton. (B.) 

Battle of Camden. (B). Cornvi^allis-Gates . 
Treason of Benedict Arnold at West Point, N. Y. 
Battle of Kings Mountain. '__ (A) Sevier-Ferguson. 
Gen. Nathaniel Green assumed command of Ameri- 
can troops in the South. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens. (A). Morgan-Tarleton. 

,4). Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. (B) Greene-Rawdon. 
(5). Siege of Ninety Six. (B) Greene-Rawdon. 
(6.) Battle of Eutaw Springs. (B) Greene-Stewart. 
(7). Work of Gen. Marion, Lee, Sumpter in aiding 
Greene in South Carolina 

(8). Results — Greene fougth and lost four impor- 
tant battles yet gained all the effects of victory for 
the British were steadily driven out of the South by 
his persistence and ability. 

Comwallis advanced into Virginia and fortified York- 
town as his base. He was surrounded by American 
and French troops under Washington and Rochambeau 
and was forced to surrender, Oct. 19, 1781. Thus 
the third crisis of the war successfully passed. 
1783. Treaty of Peace. Treaty if Paris. 



Other Important Events of the Revolution. 

tl). Central Government during Revolution was the Continentel Congress 
from 1775-1781 and then the Articles of Confederation from 1781- 

1783. Very weak. 
(2). The Conway Cabal. 1777-1778. 
(3). Assistance of prominent Foreigners to American Cause. Namely 

Von Steuben, Pulaski, DeKalb, LaFayette, and Koscivsko. 
(4). French assistance. 

(1) Loan of $200,000 in 1776. 

(2) Offensive and defensive alliance in 1778. 

(3) Co-operation of French Fleet in the attacks on Savannah 



26 

and Newport. 
(4) Co-operation of French troops and Fleet at Yorktown. 
(5). British Conciliatory proposals to the Americans in 1778. 

Advance of Gen. Cornwallis from Charleston. 
(6). Washington's Newburg Address 1783. 

Green's campaign in the South 

(1). His masterful retreat across North Carolina. 
(2). Battle of Guilford Court House. (B) Greene. 
Cornwallis. 

(3). Cornwallis turned into Virginia while Greene 
turned back to South Carolina. 
(7). The position and the activities of the Loyalists or Tories in the 

Colonies. 
(8). Execution of NathaYi Hale (Am), and Major Andre (B) as spies, 
(9). Revolutionary War Literature, "The Letters of a Pennsylvania Far- 
mer" by John Dickinson and "The Crisis" and "Common Sense" 
by Thos. Paine. 
(10). Naval Warfare. 

(1) Privateers from New England, 

(2) John Paul Jones. 

(11) Signing of a Separate Treaty of Peace by Americans at Paris 1783. 

Franklin, Jay and Adams were American Commissioners. 
(12). Causes of American Success in the Revolution. 

(a) Indifference of British people to the War. 

(b) Assistance of France to U. S. 

(c) Lack of ability of the British Commanders in America. 

(d) The courage, perseverance and ability of Washington. 

(e) The determination and persistance of the American patriots, 
(f) England was engaged in other wars at the time and could 
give only partial attention and re-enforcements to the war 
here. 



Imporortant Political Steps and Efforts Towards 
Union on Part of the Colonies. 

I. Virginia Magna Charter- 1619. 

(1). Governor appointed by Company. 

(2). Six Councilors appointed by Company. 

(3). Two Burgesses elected from each town to form lower 

House of Legislature. First in North America. 
H. Mayflower Compact- 1620. 

Signed on Mayflower by each male adult of Plymouth Colony 
e^xcept the servants, created a "body politic" and served a» 
tbe basis of civil government in Plymouth until it v\^as joined 



27 

to Massachusetts Bay Company in 1691. First document of 
its kind known to History. 

III. Cambridffe Agreement' 1629. 

Agreement between the Puritans of England and the Massa- 
chusetts Bay Company to the effect that, if the Company would 
remove its charter, officers and government to the Colony, 
the Puritans would all become members of the Colony and 
would move with it to America. John Winthrop was chief 
man behind this agreement which led to Puritan control ov- 
er Massachusetts. Bay Company. 

IV. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. 1639. 

Representatives of the three towns of Winsdor, Weathersfield, 
and Hartford met in 1G39 and drew up a constitution for gov- 
ernment of colony of Connecticut. Established self govern- 
ment in colony. This constitution is said to be the first truly 
written political Constitution in History. 
Y. New England Confederation. 1643. 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, New Haven, formed a 
league for protection against Dutch and Indians. Rhode Is- 
land and Maine were not included because of religious differ- 
ences. A council consisting of two members from each colo- 
ny handled matters of common interest. Soldiers and money 
were proportioned among colonies according to population. 
The return of fugitive slaves and criminals and a court to 
settle colonial disputes were provided. In 1653, Massachu- 
setts gave first instance of nullification in U. S. History by re- 
fusing to make war on Indians after other Commissioners had 
decided to do so. Confederation lasted 40 years. First Co- 
loninal attempt at Union of Colonies. 

VI. Act of Toleration. 1649. 

Passed by Maryland Legislature and gave religious toleration 
in Maryland to all Christians. 

VII. Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. 1661. 

Drawn up by Massachusetts Legislature and declared. 

(1) Mass. Bay Co., had full Legislative power over colony 

(2) Mass. Bay Co., had full power to defend colony. 

(3) That laws contrary to charter rights were grave in- 
fringements. 

(4) That colony owed allegiance and support to King. 

VIII. New York Congress. 1690. 

The outbreak of King William's War caused Jacob Leisler, then 
Governor of New York to call representatives of colonies to 
consider conditions of defence against French and Indians. 
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York sent rep- 
resentativefc who decided to send tAvo colonial expeditions to 



28 

Canada. Phipps expedition against Quebec resulted. 

IX. Albany Convention. 1754. 

Called by British Board of Trades and Plantations in an ef- 
fort to purchase and settle certain Indian lands and to devise 
some plan for united action in case of another French War. 
.Jew York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island sent representatives. 
Adopted Franklin's "Plan of Union" which proposed a Colo* 
nial confederation consisting of a President-general appointed 
and supported by the Crown and a Grand Council elected by 
the Colonial Assemblies. The Crown, however, rejected the 
plan because it gave too much power to the people and the 
Assemblies rejected it because it gave too much power to the 
King. 

X. Stamp Act Congress- 1765. 

Met at New York, Oct. 7, 176.5, at the call of Massachusetts, 
Delegates came from all the Colonies except New Hampshire, 
Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. This Congress adopt- 
ed petitions to the King and to Parliament and its famous 
"Declaration of Rights and Grievances" which declared. 

(a) Allegiance of Colonies to Crown and Parliament. 

(b) That Colonists posessed all rights of native born 
Englishmen. 

(c) That Colonies could not expediently be represented 
in Parliament. 

(d) So Colonial Legislatures only could tax Colonies le- 
gally. 

XI. First Continental Congress. 1774. 

Called by Massachusetts Legislature and all Colonies sent rep- 
resentatives except Georgia. Most prominent men of Colon- 
ies except Franklin and Jefferson present. Met at Philadel- 
phia, Sept. 5, 1774 and held secret sessions until dissolved 
Oct. 26, 1774. Chief things accomplished were: 

(1). Petition to King for redress of grievances. 
(2). Declaration of Rights of Colonies. 
(3). Establishment of American Association to secure 
Non-importation of Br. Goods in Colonies. This non- 
importation was enforced by Colonial Committees of 
Correspondence and was very effective. 
(4). Provided for meeting of Second Continential Con- 
gress next year. 

Xn. Second Continental CbnSress. 1775-1781. 

Met in Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. AM Colonies represented 
except Georgia, but Georgia sent delegates after May 26. 
Chief things done were: 



29 

(1). Organization of Continental Army of 20,000 men 
with Washington as Commander-in-Chief. 

(2). Sent "Olive Branch" petition to the King who re- 
fused to receive it. 

(3). Assumed control over Defence and Foreign Affairs 
and issued paper money to defray expenses. 

(4). Adopted Declaration of Independence. 1776. 
(5). Drafted and adopted Articles of Confederation. 1777- 

(6). Served as form of Union and Central Government 
from 1775-1781. 

XIII. Declaration of Independence- 1776. 

Motion for Independence made in Congress by Richard Henry 
Lee, of Virginia; seconded by John Adams, of Massachusetts. 
A committee consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Frank- 
lin, John Adams, Rogers Sherman and Robert R. Livingston 
appointed to draw up Declaration. Drafted by Thomas Jef- 
ferson and signed by fifty-five members in Congress. 

XIV. Articles of Confederation. 1781. 

The earliest draft for a form of Union was read by Franklin 
before Congress, 1775. But R. H. Lee proposed the Articles 
of Confederation in connection with his resolution for Inde- 
pendence. So a Grand Committee consisting of one member 
member from each Colony was appointed to draft the "Arti- 
cles of Confederation," which was adopted by Congress 1777 
and sent to the Colonies for ratification. Maryland was the 
last State to ratify it, holding out because of the claims of sev- 
eral States to Western lands, but she ratified it in 1781 and 
then the Articles went into force. The organization of Gov- 
ernment under it was as follows: 

(1) Congress consisting of one House with from two to 
seven delegates chosen by each state government 

and the votes to be by states and each state 
had only one vote. The assent of nine States was 
necessary to pass an important Act while the as- 
sent of all was necessary for Amendment. All 
officers of government were appointed by and re- 
sponsible to Congress. Each State had its own 
Laws but Congress had control over Army and Na- 
vy, could declare and make peace, etc., but could not 
Tax people of individual states. While Commerce 
was regulated by individual states who also could 
coin money. 

(2) Provided for no real Independent Executive but a 
Committee of States managed affairs while Congress 

was not in session. 

(3) Provided for no Federal Judiciary System except 



3© 

for Admiralty and Prize Courts 
(4) Defects: — (1) Congress represented the States, 
not the people. (2) Provided for no executive or 
judiciary. (3) Could make treaties but could not 
enforce their observance. (4) Could recommend 
taxation but could not force it, (5) Could bor- 
row money but could not guarantee payment. (6) 
Could make Laws but could not enforce them. (7) 
Could declare War but could not draft soldiers. 
(8) Sovereignty lay in the States, not in Fed- 
eral Government. 

XV. Annapolis Convention- 1786. 

Virginia proposed that Commissioners from all the States meet 
at Annapolis 1786 to consider trade and commercial relations 
of all the States. Only five States had representatives pres- 
ent so these five adopted a resolution calling for a Convention 
to revise Articles of Confederation and to be held in Philadel- 
phia, 1787. Congress acting on this resolution called Constitu- 
tional Convention. 

XVI. Northwest Ordinance of 1787. 

Maryland refused to ratify the Articles of Confederation until 
New York, Massachusetts, Virginia and Connecticut agreed to 
cede to the national government their lands in the Northwest. 
This was done and the "Ordinance of 1787" provided for the 
government of this Northwest Territory. Its important pro- 
visions were: (1) Freedom of religion to all. (2) Schools 
and means of education should be encouraged. (3) Slavery 
was to be forever prohibited but a fugitive slave law was 
provided for. (4) All states carved from this territory 
were to be admitted on an equal' footing with the original 
thirteen states. (5) Not fewer than three nor more than 
five states were to be carved from the territory. Ohio, In- 
diana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and East Minnesota, were 
formed between 1803 and 1848. 

XVII. Constitutional Convention. 1787. 

Called by Congress, on instigation of States represented at An- 
napolis Convention, to amend or revise Articles of Confeder- 
ation. Met at Philadelphia. George Washington elected Pres- 
ident, William Jackson, Secretary. A]l states except Rhode 
Island represented. Lasted for four months, with all its meet- 
ings secret and behind closed doors. Our chief sources of 
information on its meetings are Madison's notes and the 
"Federalist." 

It was decided that a "National Government Ought to be Es- 
tablished consisting of a Supreme Executive, Legislature, and 
Judiciarv." Considerable dissention between large and .smaP 



31 



States and sl^e and free States resulted, but these were large- 
ly settled by Compromise. The four great Compromises were: 
(1). Connecticut Compromise which settled the dispute 
between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans for Con- 
gressional representation and provided for two 
Houses of Legislature, in one representation to be 
according to population, in the other representation 
to be equal, each State having two representatives. 
(2). Three Fifths Compromise — settled dispute between 
free r-.nd slave States and provided that, in propor- 
tioning Congressional representation and direct Tax- 
es five negroes should be counted as three white 
persons. 
(3). Navigation Compromise — provided that Congress 
should have control over Commerce and Navigation 
but that Importation of slaves should not be pro- 
hibited prior to 1808. 
(4). Vague Compromise — Delegates to the Convention 
could reach no real agreement over whether the new 
Government was "National" or "Confederate" though 
the word National was omitted in Constitution be- 
cause of objections of some States. So a local un- 
derstanding among the delegates permitted the ques- 
tion to drop, but by (1) giving central Government 
certain specified power in Legislation (2) by system 
of Federal Courts to decide Constitutionality of Fed- 
eral and State Laws (3) giving Central Govern- 
ment right to enforce its Laws, a "Vague" compro- 
mise was affected. 
When nine States ratified Constitution it was to be binding on 
all. Constitution was adopted 1787; ratified 1788. Delaware 
was the first State to ratify. New Hampshire the ninth. Elev- 
en States ratified by 1788, North Carolina in 1789 and Rhode 
Island in 1790. The Constitution was ratified by the States in 
State conventions. It went into force 1789. 



S2 

Presidential Administrations 

GEORGE WASHINGTON. (1789-1797). VIRGINIA. UNANIMOUS BY 
ALL PARTIES. JOHN ADAMS, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1789. Inauguration. Federal Building, New York City. 
Organization of the New Government. 
First Clabinet — Jefferson, Secretary of State. 

Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury. 
Knox, Secretary of War. 
Randolph. Attorney General. 
1789-91. Hamilton's Financial Plan. 

1791. Admission of Vermont to Union. 

1792. Admission of Kentucky to Union. 

1793. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 
1793. Minister Genet Incident. 

1794-95. Indian Troubles in Ohio. Defeat of General St. Clair. Victory 

of Gen. Wayne over Indians at Fallen Timbers. 1795. 
1795. Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania. 
1795. Jay's Treaty. 

1795. Spanish Treaty giving froe navigation of Mississippi River. 

1796. Admission of Tennessee to Union, 

JOHN ADAMS- (I797-180I.) MASSACHUSETTS. FEDERALIST. 
THOMAS JEFFERSON, VICE-PRESIDENT. 

1797-98. "X. Y. Z" Papers. Bad Relations with France 

1798. Alien and Sedition Laws, 

1798. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 

1798. 11th Amendment to Constitution. 

1799. Death of Washington. 

1800. Capitol moved to Washington, D. C, 

1801. Fall of Federalist Party. 

1801. Judiciary Act. "Midnight Appointments." 

THOS. JEFFESRON. (1801-1809). VIRGINIA- REPUBLICAN (DEM- 
OCRAT) AARON BURR, VICE PRESIDENT 1801-1805, GEORG 
E CLINTON, VICE PRESIDENT, 1805-1809. 

In the election of 1800, Burr and Jefferson tied for Presidency and the 
election was thrown into House of Representatives where Jefferson, 
with Hamilton's aid, was elected. Triumph of the Jeffcrsoa Party — - 
The Republican — now Democratic Party, 

1801-1805. War with Tripoli. 

1803. Purchase of Louisiana, 

1804. Burr-Hamilton DueL 



35 

1S04. 12ch Amendment to Constitution. Brought about by tie for Pres- 
idency. 
1804-1806. Lewis-Clarke Expedition to far Northwest. 
1806-07. Burr's Conspiracy, Trial, and Acquittal. 
1806-07. British Orders in Council. 

1806. Napoleon's Berlin Decree. 

1807. Napoleon's Milan Decree. 
1807. Non-Importation Act. 
1807. Embargo Act. 

1807. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. 

1808. Force Act. 

1808. Law Prohibiting Slave '^rade. 

JAMES MADISON. (1809-1817'- VIRGINIA. REPUBLICAN (DEMO- 
CRAT). GEORGE CLINTON, VICE PRESIDENT 1809-1813. EL- 
BRIDGE GERRY, VICE PRESIDENT, 1813-1817. 

1809. Non-Intercourse Act. 

1810. Macon's Bill No. 2. 

1811. Wm. Henry Harrison's victory over Indians at Tippecanoe. 

1811. First National Bank Charter expired. 

1812. War Declared against England. • 
1812-1814. War of 1812. 

1814. Hartford Convention. 

1814. Treaty of Ghent. Ended War of 1812. 

1815. Trouble with Barbary States, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. 

1816. Tariff of 1816. First Protective Tariff 
1816. Second National Bank chartered for 20 years. 

JAMES MONROE. (1817-1825)- VIRGINIA. REPUBLICAN (DEM- 
OCRAT). DANIEL D. THOMPKINS, VICE PRESIDENT, 

1817-1818. First Seminole War. Trouble with England and Spain. 

1818. Treaty of 1818 with England. 

819. Purchase of Florida. Florida Treaty. 

1819. First Steamship, "Savannah" crosses Atlantic. 

1820. First Missouri Compromise. 

1821. Second Missouri Compromise. 

1821-1825. Monroe's Second Administration known as "Era of Good Feel- 
ing." No party conflict. Monroe received every electoral 
vote except one. 

1823. Monroe Doctrine. 

1824. Tariff of 1824. 
1824. Russian Treaty. 

1824-25. Visit of LaFayette to U. S. Awarded $200,000 and a township 
in Florida by Congress. Visited every state and was awarded 
warm welcome. Laid cornerstone of Bunker Hill Monument 
1826. 



34 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. (1825-1829). MASSACHUSETTS. FEDER- 
ALIST. J. C. CALHOUN, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1825. Erie Canal completed. 

1826. Panama Congress. 

1826. Death of Thos. Jefferson and John Adams. July 4. 

1828. Tariff of "Abominations." 

1828. First Railroad in U. S. Baltimore and Ohio. 

1828. South Carolina's protest against Tariff. Calhouns "Exposition." 

ANDREW JACKSON. (1829-1837). TENNESSEE. DEMOCRAT. 
J. C. CALHOUN, VICE PRESIDENT, 1829-1833. MARTIN VAN 
BUREN, VICE PRESIDENT, 1833-1837. 

Triumph of "Jacksonian Democracy." 

Beginning of Spoils System in American Politics. . 

"To the victor belongs the Spoils." 

1830. Jackson's Toast, "Our Federal Union; it Must be Preserved." 

1831. Black Hawk War. 

1831. Establishment of "Liberator" by Wm. Lloyd Garrison. 
Rise of Abolitionist Societies. 

1832. Tariff of 1832. 

1832. South Carolina Nullification. 

1832. Force Bill. 

1832. Jackson's Veto of Bank Bill. 

1832. Anti-Masonic Party, held first National Nominating Convention iu 
Baltimore. 

1833. Compromise Tariff of 1833. 

1833. "Removal of Deposits," from National Bank. 

1835. Settlement of French "Spoliation" Claims. 

1836. "Gag Rule" applied to abolititionist petitions in Congress- 

1836. Jackson's "Specie Circular." 

1837. Distribution of the Surplus. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN. (1837-1841). NEW YORK. DEMOCRAT- 
R. M. JOHNSON, VICE PRESIDENT, 

1837. Panic of 1837. 

1837. Caroline Affair. 

1837. Morse patented Telegraph. 

1840. Independent Treasury Act, or "Divorce Bill." 

1835-1842. Second Seminole War in Florida. 

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 1841. MARCH 4 TO APRIL 4- OHIO, 
WHIG. JOHN TYLER, VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT. 1841 
1845. VIRGINIA. WHIG, 

Tke Campaign of 1840 is known as the Log Cabin and Hard Cider Clam'paiga^. 



85 

"Tippecanoe and Tyler too" was the campaign cry of the Whigs. 
1841. Death of President Harrison one month after Inauguration. 

1841. Split between Tyler and Whig Party caused by Tyler's veto of 
Bill to recharter National Bank. Led to resignation of entire Cab- 
inet except Webster, who later resigned. 

1841-42. Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island. 

1842. Tariff of 1842. 

1842. Webster- Ashburton Treaty. 

1844. First Telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington. 

1845. Annexation of Texas. 

JAMES K. POLK. (1845-1849). TENNESSEE. DEMOCRAT. 

GEORGE M. DALLAS, VICE PRESIDENT. 

Polk was the first "dark horse" candidate and restored temporarily the De- 
mocratic regime in power. 

1846. Permanent establishment of Sub-Treasury System. 
1846. Walker Tariff. 

1846. Oregon Treaty. Settlement of Oregon Question. American claims 
to Oregon Territory based on (1) Discovery by Captain Gray, 1792. 
(2) Exploration by Lewis and Clark, 1804-06. (3) Settlement of 
Astoria 1811. The British claims were based on occupation by 
Hudson Bay Trading Posts, 

1846. Wilmot Proviso. 

1846-48. Mexican War. 

1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Ended Mexican War. 

1848. Discovery of Gold in California. 

2ACHARY TAYLOR- (1849-1850. LOUISIANA. WHIG. MIL- 

LARD FILMORE, VICE PRESIDENT 1849-1850. PRESIDENT 1850 
1853. 

Campaign of 1848 known as "stars and stripes campaign. Three parties; 
Whig, which was successful, "Free Soil" which nominated Van Buren 
and Democratic which nominated Lewis Cass. Taylor died after one 
year as President. 

1850. Compromise of 1850. 

1850. Webster's "Seventh of March" Speech. 

1850. Decline of the Whig Party because of Comptowiise of 1850. 

1850. Passage of Personal Liberty Laws. 

1850. Clayton Bulwer Treaty. 

1852. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." by Harriet Beecher Stowe. 

1852. Death of Clay and Webster. 

1852. Rise of American or "Know Nothing:" Party. 

1853. Gadsden Purchase. 



36 

FRANKLIN PIERCE. (1853-1857). NEW HAMPSHIRE. DEMOCRAT. 
WILLIAM R. KING, VICE PRESIDENT 

1853. Martin Kostza, incident with Austra-Hungary definitely established 
the validity of American Naturalization of Foreigners, 

1854. Commodore Perry secured favorable Commercial Treaty with Japan 
and opened Ports of that Country. 

1854. Black Warrior Incident. 
1854. Ostend Manifesto. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska Act. End of Whig Party. 
1855-61. Struggle for Kansas. 

1856. Sumner's speech "The Crime Against Kansas." The most terrible 
philippic ever uttered in the Senate. Brook's attack on Sumner. 

1856. Republican Party fully organized. J. C. Fremont, first candidate 

JAMES BUCHANNAN. (1857-1867). PENNSYLVANIA. DEMOCRAT 
JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1857. Dred Scott Decision. 
1857. Panic of 1857. 

1857. Mormon Rebellion in Utah. 

1858. Lincoin-Dougias iJebates. "Freepoi't Doctrine." 

1859. John Brown's Raid. 

1860. Campaign of 1860. Democratic Party split. Two Conventions, one 
at Charleston and other at Baltimore. Northern Wing nominated 
Stephen A Douglas and stood for "squatter sovereignty." South- 
ern Wing nominated J. C. Breckinridge and stood for Congressional 
protection of slavery in territories. The Cojistitutional Union 
Party nominated John Bell and stood for "the Constitution, the Un- 
ion and the enforcement of Laws." The Republican Party in its 
Chicago Convention nominated Lincoln and stood for ( 1 ) No inter- 
ference with slavery where it already existed. (2) No extension 
of Slavery or opening of Slave Trade. 

1860. Secession of South Carolina. 

1861. Crittenden Compromise. 
1861. "Star of the West" Incident. 

1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and 

Texas by Feb. 1st. 
1861. Feb. 4, Convention of Seceding States in Montgomery, Ala., formed 

"Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis, President, Alex 

H. Stephens, Vice President. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (1861-1865). ILLINOIS. REPUBLICAN. 

HANNIBAL HAMLIN, VICE PRESIDENT, 1861-1865. ANDREW 
JOHNSON, VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT, 1865-1869. 

Lincoln's Cabinet. W. H. Seward, Secretary of State. 



37 

S. P. Chase, Secretary of Treasury. 

Simon Cameron, Secretary of War. 

Edward Bates, Attorney General. 

Gideon Willis, Secretary of Navy. 

Montgomery Blair, Postmaster General. 

Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of Interior. 
1861. Many removals from office for Political Reasons. 
1861. Secession of Virginia, Noi-th Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. 
1861-1865. Civil War. 

1861. Capitol of Confederacy moved to Richmond, Virginia 
1863. Emancipation Proclamation. January 1. 
1863. Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation. 

1863-1865. Reconstruction .stated in Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisana, 
1865. Surrender of Confederate Forces. End of Civil War. 
1865. Thirteenth Amendment. 
1865 "Twenty Second" Joint Rule. 
1865. Assasination of Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, in Ford Theatre, 

Washington, April 14. 
1865. Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation, 

1865. Freedmen's Bureau Bill. 

1866. Tennessee readmitted to Union. 
1866. Cavil Rights Bill. 

1866. Atlantic Cable laid. Cyrus W. Field 

1867. Military Reconstruction Act. 
1867. Tenure-of-Office Act. 

1867. French and Maximilan in Mexico. 

1868. Impeachment of President Johnson. 
1868. Fourteenth Amendment. 

1868. Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Arkansas and 
Louisana readmitted to Union. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT. (1869-1877). __ OHIO- REPUBLICAN. SCHUY- 
LER COLFAX, VICE PREISDENT 1869-1873. HENRY WILSON, 
VICE PRESIDENT, 1873- 1877. 

1869. Union Pacific Railroad Completed. 

1870. Fifteenth Amendment. 

1870. Readmission of Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas. 

1870. Enforcement Act. 

1871. Ku Klux Acts, or Force Act. 
1871. Great Fire in Chicago. 

1871. Treaty of Washington. 

1872. Amnesty Act. 

1872. Credit Mobilier Fraud. 

1872. Whiskey Ring in Western Cities. 

1873. Salary Grab Act. 



38 - _ - 

1873. Virginius Affair. 

1873. Currency Act of 1873. 

1873. Panic of 1873. 

1876. Invention of Telephone by Bell. 

1876 Electoral Commission. Disputed election between Hayes and Til- 
den. 

1876. Battle of Little Big Horn. Custer's defeat by Indians. 

RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. (1877-1881). OHIO. REPUBLICAN. 

WILLIAM A. WHEELER, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1877. Removal of Federal Troops from the South, 

1877. Great Railroad Strike in U. S. 

1878. Bland Allison's Silver Act. 

1879. Resumption of Specie Payments. 

1880. Campaign of 1880. For first time in many years there was no 
"Southern Question" in Politics and for the first time in History 
of U. S. every electoral vote was counted as cast and every elector 
chosen by popular vote. 

JAMES A. GARFIELD. (1881). OHIO. REPUBLICAN. CHESTER 
A. ARTHUR, VICE PRESIDENT, 1881. PRESIDENT 1881-1885. 

1881. Assassination of President Garfield by Chas. J. Guiteau a disappoint- 
ed office-seeker., 

1882. Edmunds Law. 

1882. Chinese Immigration Law. 

1883. Pendleton Civil Service Act. Start of Civil Service. 

1884. Artie Explorations by Lieut. Greely. 

1884. Election of 1884. Republican nominated Blaine and Logan whi'e 
Democrats nominated Cleveland and Hendricks and stood for Civil 
Service reform, downward revision of the Tariff. ,The election 
was decided by the votes of New York. Cleveland was fir.st Dem- 
ocratic since Civil War. 

GROVER CLEVELAND. (1885-1889). NEW YORK. DEMOCRAT. 
THOS. A. HENDRICKS, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1885. Cleveland extended Civil Service and improved same. 

1886. Labor troub-es in Chicago. Cleveland sent Federal toropa to pre- 
vent interference with ^^'^e mails. 

1886. Cleveland married in the White House, 

1886. Statue of Liberty Unveiled. 

1886. Presidential Succession Law. 

1887. Electoral Count Act. ■ ; 
1887. Interstate Commerce Act. 

1887. Edmunds Tucker Act. 



39 

1888. Chinese Immigration Ac+. 

1888. Corruption in the Election of 1888 lead to adoption of Australian 
Ballot. 

BENJAMIN HARRISON. (1889-1893). INDIANA. REPUBLICAN. 
LEVI P. MORTON, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1889. Asia Incident. 

1890. Dependent Pension Bill. 

1890. Repeal of Bland Allison Silver Act. 

1890. Sherman Silver Act. 

1890. McKinley Tariff. • " 

1891. Valparaiso Incident in Chil«. 
1891. Mafia Incident in New Orleans. 

1892-93. Bering Sea Controversy started. Settled 1893 under Cleveland. 

GROVER CLEVELAND. (1893-1897). NEW YORK. DEMOCRAT. 
ADLAI E. STEPHENSON, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1893. Panic of 1893. 

1893. World's Pair in Chicago. 

1893. Repeal of Sherman Silver Act. 

1893. Annexation of Hawaii, refused by Cleveland but its Independence 
was recognized. 

1894. Wilson-Gorman Tariff. 

1895. Venezuela Boundary Dispute. 

1896. Campaign of 1896. Democrats demanded free coinage of silver 
well for Vice President. "Gold" Democrats ran on Independent 
at 1^1 and nominated W. J. Bryan for President and Arthur Se- 
Ticket while Republican party ran on a "Gold" platform and nom- 
inated McKinley and Hobart. 

WILLIAM McKINLEY. (1897-1901). OHIO. REPUBLICAN. GAR- 
RET A. HOBART, VICE PRESIDENT, 1897-1901. THEODORE 
ROOSEVELT, VICE PRESIDENT, 1901. PRESIDENT 1901-1905. 

1897. Dingley Tariff. 

1898. Spanish American War. 

1898. Hawaian Islands annexed by joint Resolution. 

1898. Treaty of Paris. Ended Spanish-American War. 

1899. First Peace Conference at the Hague. 

1899 Division of Samoan Islands. U. S. received Tuutila. 

1900. Boxer Insurrection in China 

1900 Galveston Flood. 

1900. Gold standard adopted in U. S. 

1901. Piatt Amendment. 

1901. Pfeillipine Insurrection ended. 



40 

1901. Assassination of McKinley by Leon Czolgosz, Sept. 5, 1901, at the 
Buffalo Exposition. McKinley started on his Second Term when 
his death occurred. 

Roosevelt Succeeded him to the Presidency. 

1901. Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. 

1902. Anthracite Coal Strike. Settled by Arbitration. 

1903. Department of Commerce and Labor Created. 
1903. Panama Insurrection. 

1903. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. U. S. secured Canal Zone, 

1903. Alaskan Boundary Question Settled. U. S. received clear tit]e 
to strip of the mainland from Portland Canal Northw^ard. 

1904. Work begun on Panama Canal. 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT. (1905-1909.) NEW YORK. REPUBLI- 
CAN. CHAS. W. FAIRBANKS, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1905 Treaty of Portsmouth. Ended Russo-Japanese War. For his con- 
nection with this Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1907. 
1906. Pure Food Law. 

1906. San Francisco Earthquake and Fire. 

1907. Panic of 1907. 

1907. Cruise of sixteen American Battleships around the World. 

1908. Aldrich Vreeland Currency Act. 

In Roosevelt's administration, the conservation movement under di- 
rection of Gilford Pinchot, the Trust "busting" activities of the 
Government, the "Big Stick" Policy which would force the Cen- 
tral and South American republics to maintain peace and order and 
to meet their obligations, and the rise of U. S. as a world power, 
were begun. ^ 

WILLIAM H. TAFT. (1909-1913). OHIO. REPUBLICAN, JAMES 
S. SHERMAN, VICE PRESIDENT. 

1909. Payne-Aldrich Tariff. 

1910. Postal Savings Bank Established. 

1911. Defeat of Canadian Reciprocity Agreement. 

1912. Civil Government established in Alaska. 
1912. Admission of New Mexico and Arizona. 

1912. Establishment of Parcel Post. 

1913. Sixteenth Amendment to Constitution adopted. 

Under Taft, there was a continuation of the Conservation Movement 
and Trust-busting." Dr. Wiley, Head of the Pure Food Depart- 
ment; Ballinger, Secretary of Interior and Pinchot, head of the 
Conservation Movement resigned because of controversies. The 
"Insurgent" or Progressive Party had its rise here due to opposi- 
tion of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. The movement started in the 



41 

Senate under the Leadership of Senator La Follette of Wisconsin. 
The Election of 1912 showed three parties in the field. The Re- 
publicans who nominated Taft, the Progressives who bolted from the 
regular Republican Convention and nominated Roosevelt and the 
Democrats who nominated Wilson. Wilson received 435 elector- 
ial votes, Roosevelt 88 and Taft 8. 

WOODROW WILSON. (1913). NEW JERSEY. DEMOCRAT. 

JOHN MARSHALL, VICE PRESIDENT 

Cabinet: 

Secretary of State — Lansing. 

Secretary of Treasury — McAdoo. 

Secretary of War — Baker 

Attorney General — Gregory. 

Secretary of Navy — Daniels 

Postmaster General — Burleson. 

Secretary of Interior — Lane. 

Secretary of Commerce— Redfield. 

Secretary of Agriculture — Houston. 

Secretary of Labor — Wilson. 
1913. Owens-Underwood Tariff. 

1913. Seventeenth Amendment to Constitution adopted. 
1913. Income Tax passed. 

1913. Glass-Owens Currency Bill. Federal Reserve System. 
1913-17. Bad Relations with Mexico. 

1914. Trade Commission Established. 

1914. Repeal of Toll Exemption Bill and the defeat of the Ship Purchase 
Bill. 

1914. Opening of the Panama Cana). 

1915. Panama-Pacific Exposition. 

1916. Threatened Rail Road Strike averted by Adamson Law. 

1917. Purchase of Danish West Indies, 
1917. War with Germany. 

Wilson's administration saw the resignation of Secretary of State 
Bryan and Secretary of War Garrison. Justices McReynolds and 
Brandeis were appointed to Supreme Court. A definite five year 
building plan for Navy and a great increase in the Army with a 
Federalized militia were adopted. Appropriations were made for 
a Government ovioied and operated A'askian Railroad, Nitrate and 
Armor Plants. 
1917. Passing of Selective Draft Act. 



PRESIDENTS WHO HAVE DIED IN OFFICE. 

Wm. Henry Harrison, 1841, succeeded by John Tyler. 
Zachary Taylor, 1850, succeeded by Millard Fillmore. 



42 



Abraham Lincoln, 1865, succeeded by Andrew Johnson. 
James A. Garfield, 1881, succeeded by Chester A. Arthur. 
William McKinley, 1901, succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt. 



VICE PRESIDENTS WHO HAVE BEEN ELECTED PRESIDENTS 

John Adams. 1797. 
Tho. Jefferson. 1801. 
Martin Van Buren. 1837. 
Theodore Roosevelt. 1905. 



Rebellions in United States. 

(1) Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 1676. 

The despotic rule of Governor Berkley made Colonists dissatisfied 
and Indian troubles aggravated the situation. Berkley recalled 
troops sent against Indians and relused Lo prosecute a severe v>ar 

against them. Colonists claimed that his fur-trade profits caused this 
stand of Berkley's, so Nathaniel Bacon raised 300 men and started 
for Indian Country. Berkley proclaimed Bacon a traitor but the 
latter vi^ent on with only 60 men and decisively defeated the Indians, 
Then Berkley, upon popular demand, pardoned Bacon but soon fied 
from Jamestown to return at the head of 600 men. Bacon besieged 
him in Jamestown, captured and burned the town and then died sud- 
denly. The rebellion collapsed. 13 of Bacon's followers were hung. 
1,000 troops arrived from England to restoi-e order and Berkley was 
recalled to England. 

(2) Rebellion Against Andros in Massachusetts. 1689. 

Sir Edniund Andros was appointed Governor of New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts, Maine and Plymouth in 1686 and in 1688 was made 

Governor of al! the Colonies North of Pennsylvania. He was to rule 
without Assembly, the Colonial Assemblies were dissolved, but mem- 
bers were selected from each for the "Grand Council." Andros had 
power to make Laws, Levy Taxes, and Administer Justice. His rule 
was despotic. But in 1689, when William and Mary became rulers 
of England, the people of Massachusetts arose, imprisoned Andros 
and the former governments were practically restored except in 
case of Plymouth which was joined to Massachusetts. Andros was 
imprisoned for 3 years and then sent to England. 

(3) Leisler's Rebellion- New York. 1789. 

The fear of the establishment of the Catholic religion and the dis- 
satisfaction with the government led the people of New York, under 
the leadership of Jacob Leisler, a German merchant, to rise against 
Francis Nicholson, Andros' Lieut. Governor in New York. Nicholson 
fled to England and Leisler assumed control! in the State. After 



43 

two yeai's of tempestuous government, Slaughter, the new Governor 
sent from England, arrived in New York, overcome Leisler's resis- 
tance and had Leisler executed in 1792. 

(4) Shay's Rebellion. Massachusetts. 1786-1787. 

The farmer class of Massachusetts, being greatly in debt, conceived 
great hatred for the Lawyer and Capitalist Class who controlled the 
State Legislature and when their demands for large issues of paper 
money were opposed by the Capitalists and Lawyers, the farmers, 
under the leadership of Daniel Shay, rose in rebellion. Courts were 
broken up, the Town of Springfield was burned and Gen. Lincohi 
with 4,400 troops were sent against Shay whose forces were defeated 
at Petersham and Shay was later captured. Shay was allowed to go 
unpunished but the rebellion showed the need of a strong Govern- 
ment at this time. 

(5) Whiskey Rebellion. Pennsylvania. 1791-1794. 

The Whiskey distillers of Western Pennsylvania greatly resented 
Hamilton's Excise Tax. They threatened the Revenue Officers, defied 
the Law and paid no attention to Washington's Warning Proclama- 
tion of 1792. In 1794, an attempt to arrest the leaders of this 
Rebellion resulted in one person being killed and six wounded. Wash- 
ington called out the militia from adjoining States, but peace was 
made without further bloodshed. Of the 18 leaders arrested 
two were convicted, but Washington pardoned these and the trouble 
ended. 

(6) Dorr's Rebellion. Rhode Island. 1842. 

The people of Rhode Island v/ho had suffered under the old system of 
limited franchise, arose and demanded liberal franchise conditions. 
The property class opposed these demands and both sides submitted 
constitutions to the people for adoption. Neither constitutions seems 
to have been legally adopted so the reform party established a gov- 
ernment under their Constitution and elected their Leader, Thos W. 
Dorr, Governor. President Tyler refused to intervene. The rival 
governments soon conflicted, and Dorr, deserted by his followers, 
was forced to flee and was later captured. The liberal measures 
were adopted in 1845 and Dorr was released. 



War of 1812 

CAUSES: 

(1) British Interference with American trade. 

(2) Visiting and searching American ships at sea and along our own 
Coast. 

(3) Impressment of American sailors. 

(4) British encouragement behind the Indians and their outbreaks. 
{5) Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. 



44 

(6) Rise of the Younger Politicians in U. S. to power. 

A Land Warfare 

I. WAR IN THE NORTHWEST. 

1812. (1) Cowardly surrender of Gen. Hull at Detrlot. (B) Hull- 

Brock. 

1813. (2) Massacre of American Force at Raisin River. (B) Win- 

chester-Proctor. 
Successful defence of Forts Meigs and Stepheson. 
(4) Harrison's victory at Thames. (A) Harrison-Proctor 
and Tecumseh. Practically ended the war in this section 

II. WAR ALONG EASTERN BRODER OF CANADA. 

War in this section characterized by inefficiency and lack of co-opera- 
tion of American Generals Van Rennselear, Smyth and Wilkinson. 

1812. (1) Defeat of Van Rennselaer at Queenstown Heights. (B) 

Van Rennselaer-Brock and Sheaffe. 

1813. (2) Capture of York (Toronto) by Gen. Dearborn. (A) 

Capture of Fort George by Gen Boyd. (A). 

1814. (3) Defeat of Gen. Wilkinson at Chesters Field. (B) Wil- 

kinson-Morrison. 

(4) Naval Battle of Lake Erie- Perry's Fleet of 10 ves- 
sels captured British Fleet of 6 vessels. Gave Ameri- 
cans control of Lake Erie. Perry's famous message 

"We have met the enemy and they are ours." 

(5) Gens. Winfield Scott and Jacob Brown, now efficiently 
commanded the American troops 

(6) Severe defeat of British at Chippewa. (A). Scott-Riall 

(7) Battle of Lundy's Lane (A) Scott, Brown-Riall. 

(8) Repulse of British attack on Fort Erie. 

(9) Proposed British Invasion of New York. 

(a). McDonough's Naval victory on Lake Cham- 
plain. (A). McDonough-Dov/nie. 
(b). Repul&s of British at Plattsburg- (A). Ma- 
comb-Prevost. 

III. WAR ON ATLANTIC COAST. 

1814. (1) British Raids in Massachusetts, Maine and Connecticut. 
(2) British Campaign in Chesapeake Bay. 

(a). Defeat of Americans at Bladensburg. (B). 
Whider-Ross. 
(b). British occupation and sack of Washington. 
(c). British effort to capture Baltimore. 
(d). Battle of North Point. (B) Strieker-Ross, 
(e). Failure of British naval attack on Fort Mc- 
Henry. "Star Spangled Banner" by Francis 
Scott Key. 
id). British Avithdrew from Chesapeake Bay. 



45 

IV. WAR IN THE SOUTH. 

1814. (1) Defeat of Creek Indians by Gen. Anarew Jackson at 

Horse Shoe Bend. 
(2). Severe defeat of English at New Orleans. Jackson- 

Pakenham. Fought after peace had been signed. Last 

battle of the War. 
Treaty of Peace — Treaty of Ghent, 1814. 

B. Naval Warfare. 

Fleet Engagements. 

1813. American Fleet under 0. H. Perry captured the British Fleet un- 
der Barclay on Lake Erie. Battle of Lake Erie. 

1814. American Fleet under McDonough defeated larger British Fleet un- 
der Downie on Lake Champlain. Known as naval battle of Platts- 
burg or Lake Champlain. 

Individual Engagements. 
1807. Leopard (B) under Berkley defeated the Chesapeake (A) under 
Barron. 

1811. President (A) under Rodgers defeated the Little Belt (B) under 
Bingham. 

1812. Essex (A) under D. Porter defeated Alert (B) under Langhorne. 
Constitution (A) under Hull defeated Guerriere (B) under Dacres. 
Wasp (A) under Jacob Jones defeated Frolic (B) under Whingates. 
Portiers (B) under Beresford defeated Wasp (A) under Jacob 
Jones. 

United States (A) under Bainbridge defeated Macedonian (B) un- 
der Arden. 

Shannon (B) under Broke defeated Chesapeake (A) under Law- 
rence. ("Don't Give Up The Ship.") 

1813. Enterprise (A) under Burrows defeated Boxer (B) under Blyth. 
Pelican (B) under Maples defeated Argus (A) under Allen. 
Hornet (A) under Lawrence defeated Peacock (B) under Peake. 

1814. Phoebe and Cherub (B) defeated Essex (A) under D. Porter. 
Wasp (A) under Blakely defeated Reindeer (B) under Manners. 
Wasp (A) under Blakely defeated Avon (B) under Arbuthnot. 
Endymion and Majestic (B) defeated President (A) under Decatur. 
Hornet (A) defeated Penquin (B). 

Famous Amreican Naval Cbmmanders of this War: — 

Capt. Isaac Hull; Capt. Bainbridge; Capt. Decatur; Capt. Lawrence; 
Capt. D. Porter; Capt. Perry and Capt. McDonough 



Early Indian Wars 

(1). WAR WITH NORTHWEST INDIANS IN OHIO. 1790-1795. 

Indians became aroused on the advance of the whites and in 1791 



46 

an American force of 1,400 under General St. Clair was ambushed 
and practically annihilated. In 1793, Gen. Anthony Wayne invaded 
the Indian C/ountry and built Fort Greenville there. The Indians 
received supplies from luiignsh oh.clais but Wayne, with about 
4,000 troops badly defeated them at Fallen Timbers in 1794. Then 
he made peace with them by the Treaty of Greenville by which 
they agreed to withdraw from practically ail of Ohio. 
(2). TECUMSEH'S CONSPIRACY 1811-1813. 

The Northwest Indians, becoming dissatisfied with the occupation 
by the whites of their hunting grounds, found able leaders in Te- 
sumseh and "The Prophet" These men united with the Indians 
against the Americans and Tecumseh went South to gain the assis- 
tance of the Indians there. In 1811, Gen. Harrison advanced and 
beat off an ambush at Tippecanoe and burnt the Indian village there. 
The Indians received supplies and help from British in Canada 
But Tecumseh was killed in "The Battle of the Thames" in war of 
1812 and American supremacy was asserted over this section. In 
the South, Tecumseh had succeeded in arousing the Creeks, but Gen. 
Andrew Jackson badly defeated them at Horse Shoe Bend in 1813 
and by Treaty of Ft. Jackson forced them to cede a larger part of 
Alabama. 

(3) FIRST SEMINOLE WAR 1817. 

Certain Creek Indians, dissatisfied with giving up their lands to 
Americans and aroused by two Englishmen, Ambrister and Arbuth- 
not, persuaded the Seminoles to go on the War path from their re- 
treats in Florida. Gen Jackson promptly invaded Florida, captured 
the Spanish Forts at St. Marks and Pensacola and raised the Amer- 
ican Flag there. Then he hanged Ambrister and Arbuthnot. Eng- 
land was appeased for the latter act but Spain' demanded the evac- 
uation of the Territory and punishment of Jackson. The former 
was done immediately but Jackson was not punished. This invasion 
showed Spain the weakness of hold on Florida and led to its sale 
to U. S. 

(4) BLACK HAWK WAR. 

In 1830 some white intruders broke up an Indian Village in the Rock 
Valley so the Indians under Black Hawk took up arms, retook the vil- 
lage and then moved across the Mississippi River and promised never 
to return. The next year, however, Black Hawk returned, committed 
severe depredations and was pursued into Wisconsin where he was 
killed in a severe battle at Bad Axe. This ended the Indian Wars 
in the Northwest for 30 years. 

(5) SECOND SEMINOLE WAR. 1830-1831. 

When the Treaty was made with the Seminole Indians for their re- 
moval to Indian Territory, a large number of Fugitive slaves, who had 
settled among .'"e Indians, and dissatisfied Indians, undei- the lea(!er- 



47 

ship of Osceola, a half breed, defied the whites. Osceola, on being 
captured, feigned submission and was released only to start a bitter 

war from his stronghold in the swamps. He finally in 1837, agreed to 

a removal provided the negroes would be permitted to go with the 
Indians. They assembled at Tampa but the efforts of the whites 

to reclaim the slaves led to a bitter renewal of the war. In 1838 
. Osceola was seized while under a Flag of Truce, and later. Gen. Zach- 

ary Taylor badly defeated the Indians at Okechobee Swamp. The 
Indians were finally removed in 1842. 
(6) SIOUX WAR. 1876. 

The desire for Gold led the whites to infringe on the Indian Rights 
in the Black Hill district from which the whites had been excluded by 
the Treaty of 1868. This aroused the Indians who refused to come 

off of the hunting ranges so troops were sent after them. They 

fought a drawn battle with Gen. Crook and then Gen. Custer with 
600 Cavalry attacked the Indians at Little Big Horn River. Custer 
and 260 of his men were killed by the Indians. Here was "Ousters' 
Last Stand." Sitting Bull was the Sioux Leader. Sioux Commis- 
sion in 1876 made a favoi-able treatv with Indians and ended the war. 



PROMINENT INDIAN CHIEFS AND LEADERS. 

Powhatan. — Algonquin, in Virginia. 1607-1618. Friendly with Virgin- 
ians. 

Pocahontas. — Powhatan's daughter mar -ied John Rclfo, an Englishman and 
went to Enji.land an i died there. 

Openchancanough. — Algonquin in Virignia Brother of Powhatan Suc- 
ceeded him as chief in 1618 and instigated 1st and 2nd 
massacres in Virginia. 

Massasoit. — Wamponag, in Massachusetts. Friend to Plymouth Colony. 

King Phillip. — Massasoit's son and successor. King Phillip's War 1675-76. 

Ponliac — Ottawa, Pontiac's Conspiracy 1763-4. 

Alexander McGillivray — a rich and capable half breed Creek who was a 
Tory during the .Revolution and then became 
Spanish agent among Creek Indians. The U. S. 
in order to win friendship of the Creeks, had 
McGillivray come to New York where he was giv- 
en $100,000 and made U. S. Agent among Indians 
with rank of Brigadier General. He promised 
peace \vith the Creeks in return but failed to 
keep this promise. 

Tecumseh — Northwest Indians. Tecumseh's Conspiracy 1811-13. 

"The Prophet" — Northwest Indians. Associated with Tecumseh. 

Black Hawk— Sac. Black Hawk War. 1830-31. 



48 

Osceola — Seminole. Half breed. Second Seminole War. 1835-42. 
Sitting Bull — Sioux. Sioux War 1876. 



PRINCIPAL INDIAN BATTLES AND RAIDS. 

'Kingston. 1675. King Phillips War. Indians defeated. 
Raids on Schenectady, Salmon Falls r.nd Haverhill. King William's War 

1690-1697. 
Raid on Deerfield. Queen Anne's War 1701-1713. 

Bi-addock's Defeat. French and Indians. 1755. French and Indian War, 
Busby Run. 1794. Pontiac War. Indians defeated by Col. Bouquet. 
Defeat of General St. Clair's force by Northwest Indians. 1791. 
Fallen Timbers, 1794. Ohio Indians defeated by Gen. Wayne. 
Tippecanoe. 1811. Tecumseh's Conspiracy. Northwest Indians defeated 

by Gen. Harrison 
Horse Shoe Bend. 1813. Creeks defeated by Gen. Jackson. 
Bad Axe, 1831. Black Hawk War. Black Hawk killed and his band defeated 
Okechobee Swamp. 1838. Second Seminole War. Indians defeated by 

Gen. Zachary Taylor 
Little Big Horn River. 1876. Custer defeated by Sioux under Sitting Bull. 



i anrrs 

1789 The first Tariff designed primarily for revenue and having a gen- 
eral basis of duty equal to five percent. From then on the Tariff 
was gradually raised. 

1812 War Tariff — designed to meet the additional expenses that incurred 
by the War of 1812 and having its rate of duty 25 percent. This 
increase was only to last during the War. 

1816 However the few American Manufacturers which had sprung up 
during the war called so .'oudly for protection that the "first pro- 
tective Tariff" of 1816 with a general average of duty of 20 percent 
on all cotton and woolen goods and specific duties on iron and salt 
was passed. The idea of "the minimum principle" was also incor- 
porated for the first time. Calhoun and the South favored this 
Tariff but Webster and the shipping interests of New England op- 
posed it. 

1824. The demand of the manufacturers of the Northern States together 
with that of the agriculturists of the Western States were incorpo- 
rated in the Tariff of 1824 which increased the duties on iron, woo), 
hemp and woolen and cotton goods so that average of duty now 
was 37 percent. Webster for Massachusetts and the Southern Con- 
gressmen now opposed this Bill. 

1828 This Tariff, known as the "Tariff of Abominations" was a political 



r - ' 49 

trick designed by the Jackson men as a high protective Tariff which 
they hoped and expected would be defeated. The idea was to em- 
body in the Tariff such high duties on raw materials and so secure 
the support of the West, that the Northern States would not support 
it. The South would oppose any high protective Tariff. And so 
it was hoped that the North would aid the South in defeating the 
high Tariff which the North and West desired. This plan did not 
work as the North supported this Tariff which raised duties on wool, 
molasses, hemp, articles of ship-building, but lowered it on woolen 
goods. It was an unfair Tariff with the rate of duty about 45 per- 
cent. 
18.32 Reduced duties on Tea and Coffee and removed the chief "abomina- 
nations" of the Tariff of 1828. Removed duty on certain non-com- 
petitive foreign goods. So reduced the revenue but afforded no re- 
duction of Protection. Was nullified together with Tariff of 1828 
by South Carolina in 1832. 

1833 "Compromise Tariff of 1833" was Clay's second great Compromise 
and provided for a gradual reduction of the Tariff for the next 
ten years until in 1842 it should be at a twenty percent basis. This 
Tariff averted a crisis over nullification. . 

1842 A Whig Tariff designed chiefly to increase revenue. Fixed the du- 
ties on most articles at the rates in Force in 1832 and so overthrew 
the Compromise which had quieted the NuHifiers for ten years. 

1846 Walker Tariff. A Democratic Tariff designed by Robt. J. Walker. 
Secretary of the Treasury under Polk, and tended towards the prin- 
ciple of Free Trade. It provided for a reduction of the Tariff to 
a strictly revenue basis but did not injure manufacturers and was 
popular everywhere except in Pennsylvania. Remained in force 
until 1857 when a further reduction of the duties was made. After 
the passage of this Tariff Bill of 1846 there was no further Tariff 
question of importance until Civil War. 

1861. Morrill Tariff, which restored most of the rates of the Tariff of 
1846 and increased other rates was passed on the demand of man- 
ufacturers for aid after the panic of 1857, after several of the 
Southern Senators had withdrawn on account of Secession for their 
States. 

1861 War Tariff. Federal Tariff was raised as high as it was thought 
the industries of the Country would stand. 

1883 This Tariff was the first general revision of the Tariff since the Civil 
War and afforded some reduction of duties but was stiH very pro- 
tective having a average of 47 percent. The Mills Bill of 1888, 
proposing a reduction to a 40 percent Basis was defeated although 
Cleveland and the Democrats strongly desired such reduction. 

1890 McKinley Tariff. Republican Tariff which raised duties on agricul- 
tural products but provided that molasses, sugar, coffee, tea and 
hides, should remain on the free list provided the President secur- 



^0 

ed reciprocity agreements with other countries whereby iinjiist dn4 
unreasonable duties on American Agricultural products were re- 
moved. American sugar growers were paid a bounty, rates on iron 
were unchanged but duties on shoes, woolens, etc., were raised.' 
Protective rates were about 48 percent. 

1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff. Democratic Tariff, with duties lowered, wool 
and certain other raw materials on free list but duty on sugar was 
restored. Reduced Tariff duties jibout 16 percent. Failed to pro- 
vide sufficient revenue. 

1897 Dingley Tariff. Republican Tariff which restored protective fea- 
tures of McKinley Tariff, increased revenue, restored duty on wool^ 
hides, etc, and doubled the duty on sugar and levied specific duties 
and provided for reciprocity agreements^ 

1909 Payne Aldrich Tariff. President Taft called a special session of 
Congress to consider the Tariff and the House passed a Bill making 
notable reductions but the Senate under the head of Senator Aldrich, 
inserted practically a new Bill which raised the rates of the House 
Bill, and in spite of the wishes of the country and President Taft, 
' no real revision downward was accomplished. The Senate Bill 
was passed but it' caused the rise of the "Progressive Element" iri 
Congress who desired a downward revision. 

1913 Underwood Tariff. Democratic, designed for revenue rather than 
protection. Rates on cotton, iron and woolen goods, greatly re- 
duced, wool, lumber and other raw materials put on free list. Rev- 
enue reduced. So to supplement this an Income Tax was passed. 



Mexican War 

Causes: (1). Mexico displeased with U. S. over the Annexation of Texas 
(2) Dispute between two countries as to whether 
the Rio Grande or Neuces River was the boundary 
between Texas and Mexico. The U. S. claimed the 
Rio Grande. (3) Gen. Taylor ordered to occupy 
disputed Territory. A scouting party from his com- 
mand was captured by the Mexic&ns. Polk in a 
fiery message to Congress then declared that War 
"existed by an act of Mexico," 

THE WAR 

I. Gen. Zachary Taylor's campaign in Northern Mexico. 

1846. (1) Battle of Palo-Alto. American victory.. Taylos vs. 
Arista. 
(2) Battle of Resca de La Palma. American victory. Taylor 
vs. Arista, 



51 

(3) Siege of Monterey. American victory. Taylor vs. 
Santa Anna. 
1847. (4) Battle of Buena Vista. American victory. Taylor vs. 
Santa Anna. 
II- Kearney-Tremont-Stockton-Sloat Campaign in the Far West. 

1846. Capture of San Francisco and Monterey by Commodore Sloat 

(2) Capture of Los Angeles by Cmomodore Stockton. 

(3) Battle of Sonoma. American victory. Fremont vs. 
De Castro. 

1847. (4) Occupation of New Mexico and California by Kearney. 
HI. Gen. Scott's Campaign from Vera Cruz to Mexico City. 

1847. (1) Battle of Cerro Gordo. American victory. Scott vs. 
Santa Anna. 

(2) Battle of Contreras. American victory. Scott vs. 
Santa Anna. 

(3) Battle of Cherubusco. American victory. Scott vs. 
Santa Anna. 

(4) Battle of Moleno del Rey. American victory. Scott vs 
Santa Anna. 

(5) Storming of Chapultepce. American victory. Scott 

vs. Bravo. 

(6) Capture of Mexico City. American victory. Scott vs. 

Santa Anna. 
IV, Treaty of Peace Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 



52 

Steps In The ^'State's Rights" Question 

I- Vague Compromise. 1787. (See above). 

II. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1798. 

In 1798, the Legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky adopted resolu- 
tions declaring the Alien and Sedition Laws null and void and just- 
fying this Act by tlie "State's Rights" agreement that the Federal 
Union was merely a "compact" of states which therefore had the 
right to nullify unconstitutional acts of the Federal Government. 
Madison wrote the Virginia Resolutions and Jefferson the Kentucky 
Resolutions. These resolutions, however were not sustained by the 
other states. 

III. Hartford Convention- 1814-15. 

Called at Hartford, Connecticut, December 15, 1814. Massachu- 
setts. Rhode Island, and Connecticut were represented. New Eng- 
land was violently opposed to the war and to the Embargo Act and 
some states refused to put their militia under the control of the nat- 
ional commander of their military district. The national govern- 
ment withdrew its forces and refused to pay the expenses of the 
militia while under state control. So British forces easily harrass- 
ed New England States. The convention was called by Massachu- 
setts and held behind closed doors and in January, 1815, their re- 
port was made. It recommended the passing of seven amendments 
to the Constitution. The demanded the restriction of the power of 
Congress to admit new states and demanded tha tthe authority of the 
Government to declare war be limited. This convention gave the 
death blow to the Federalist party. 

IV. South Carolina Exposition. 1828. 

In protest against tke Tariff of Abominations, South Carolina adopted 
its "Exposition," written by Calhoun, in which the "State's Rights" 
agreement was embodied and a recommendation for the calling of 
a state convention to declare "Tariff of Abominations" null and void 
was made. Nothing further was done, though, at this time. 

V. Webstez-Kayne Debate- 1830 

The occasion of the debate were some resolutions offered by Sena- 
tor Foote restricting the sale of Western lands. The Southern Sen- 
ators saw a chance to protest the constitutionality of those acts of 
the Federal Government which bore heavily and adversely on one 
section since the Western Senators bitterly opposed Foote's Resolu- 
tion So the debates turned from the que^cion of Western lands 
to the mature of the Federal Union. Hayne argued for Nullifica- 
tion en the basis that the Union vv'as a League for Sovereign States. 
Webster, opposed this doctrine with his argument for a supreme 
indissoluable national union. 
VL South Carolina Nullification Act- 1832 

The failure of the Tariff of 1832 to relieve the tariff grievances of 



^ -' 53 

; the South led Carolina to suTninon a convention and (1) declare 

the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. null and void. (2) denied appeals to 
Supreme Court, (3) forbade South Carolinians to pay duties un- 
der these Tariffs, and (4) stated that any attempt to force the ex- 
ecution of these Tariffs in South Carolina would mean her secession 
from the Union. Jackson sent soldiers and ships to South Carolina 
and secured passage of Iron Bill (1832) to enforce the Tariffs there 
but the issue was settled peacefully by Compromise of 1833. 

VII. Secession of tha Southern States. 1860-61. 

(1) South Carolina, 1860. 

(2) Mississippi, Florida, Alabaam, Georgia, Louisana, Texas by 
Feb. 1, 1861. 

(3) Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas, by May 1861. 
.4) Slave states that did not secede, Maryland, Kentukcy, Missouri, 

and Delaware. 
(5) Feb. 4, 1861, the first seven seceding states sent delegates to 
a constitutional convention which met at Montgomery, Ala., 

' and adopted a Provisional Constituion for the "Conrederate 

States of America." Jefferson Davis elected provisional Pres- 

, ident and Alexander H. Stephens, provisional Vice President, 

This Constitution differed from Federal Constitution in follow- 
ing respects: 

( 1 ) Internal improvements, protective Tariffs were forbidden 

(2) Extension and existence of slavery was guaranteed. Two 
thirds vote of each House of Congress necessary to ad- 
mit new states. 

(3) Presidents term to be six years with inability for re- 
election. 

(4) Cabinet members to appear and speak in Congress but 
to have no vote. 



Steps In Slavery Question 

I- 1563. Sir John Hawkins sold three hundred slaves to Spanish 

in Satto Domingo. 

II. 1619- First slaves brought to U. S, by Dutch merchant ship 

and sold to Colonists in Virginia. From now on Sla- 
very existed in all the Colonies during the Colonial days. 

III. 1787- By the Northwest Ordinance slavery was excluded from 

the Northwest Territory. 

IV. 1737. The Three Fifths and The Navigation Compromises of 

Constitution involved slavery and slave trade. 

V. T789- First Slavery debate in Congress arose over the Proposal 

of a Virginia i-epersentative that a tax of ten dollars be 
imposed on each shive imported thereafter into U. S. 



54 

Opposition of other Southern states caused the matter 
to be dropped. 

VI. 1790. Anti Slavery Petitions from the Quaker "Society of 

Friends" and the Abolitional Society of Pennsylvania 
to Congress caused Southern representatives to vigor- 
ously defend slavery and led to a declaration incorporat- 
ed in the House Journal to the effect that Congress had 
no authority to interfere with slavery in the States. 

VII. 1793. First Fugitive Slave Law. A mild law providing for re- 

turn of fugitive slaves to their owners. 
VIII- 1804. By 1804 all States North of Mason and Dixon Line had 

provided for Emancipation of Slaves. In Massachu- 
setts and Vermont slavery was illegal while gradual 
Emancipation was provided in the others but Delaware 
and the Southern States retained slavery until Civil War 
IX 1808. Act of Congress now prohibited slave trade since Con- 

stitutional Limit had expired. 
X. MISSOURI COMPROMISE- Arose over opposition of Northern 

States to the further entention of slavery. 
First Compromise- 1820. Introduced by Senator Thom- 
as of Illinois and supported by Henry Clay. 
(a). Maine admitted as a free state. 
(b). Missouri admitted as a slave state. 
'' (c). The Line 36° 30' to be forever the dividing 

line between slave and free territory in the re- 
mainder of the Louisiana Purchase. 
Repealed 1854 by Kansas-Nebraska Act. 
Second Compromise. 1821. Congress refused to ratify 
Missouri Constitution because it prohibited the entrance 
of free negroes into the state. But Clay suggested that 
this clause be so interpreted as not to abridge the 
rights of American citizens and Congress ratified it with 
this interpratation. Clay's Compromise. 
XI. 1815-1831 PERIOD OF ACTIVITY OF BENJAMIN LUNDY-. 

Benjamin Lundy, a Pennsylvania Quaker, travelled 
extensively in the South, organized Emancipation 
Societies, and published the paper "The Genius of 
Universal Emancipation." Accomplished little. 
Xn. 1831 Establishment of the "Liberator" by William Lloyd Gar- 

rison in his abolition propaganda. 
XIII- 1831-1840 Rise of Abolition Societies. In 1832, the New Eng- 

land Anti Slavery Society and 1833 the American 
Anti Slavery Society were founded. By 1840, 
there were 2.000 local Anti-Slavery Societies with 
membership of over 200,000. 



55. 

XiV. 1631. NAT TURNERS' INSURRECTION. 

Nat Turner, a slave in Southhampton County, Virginia, 
started a slave insurrection in 1831. Killing 60 whites 
before he was captured and hanged. This Insurrection 
convinced the South that negroes could only be controlled 
as slaves and made the condition of the negro harder, 
XV. ABOLITIONIST LITERATURE IN THE MAIL. 

The South became alarmed at the sending, of Abolitionist Lit- 
erature to the South, so in 1835, a larg eamount of such litera- 
ture was seized in Charleston, S. Ci., and burned before it could 
be delivered. Kindall, Postmaster on appeal, I'uled that the 
Postmasters had to receive but did not have to deliver such Lit- 
erature. Calhoun's Bill in the Senate to exclude Abolitionist 
Literature from the mails did not pass. 
•XVI. 1836 Gag Rule in Congress. 

In the House. J. A. Adams who was now a representa- 
tive from Massachusetts, undertook to read and to pro- 
mote all abolitionist petition.s to Congress so the South- 
ern members forced through the "Gag Rule" which pro- 
vided for the tabling, without further action of all such 
petitions. The Senate passed a similar rule. Was re- 
garded as a violation of constitution right of petition 
by the Northern members of Congress. 
XVli. 1837-1845 Texas held out of Union by Northern States be- 

cause its admission would mean further extension 
of slavery. 

XVIII. 1842 Cruising Convention of Webster- Ashburton Treaty. 

By this Convention both U. S. and England agreed to 
keep a squadron if coast of Africa to suppress the slave 
trade. 

XIX. 1846 Wilmot Proviso 

In 1846, an appropriation Bill was submitted to House 
to fenable the President to make peace viath Mexico. 
Representative Wilmot of Pennsylvania offered a pro- 
viso to this Bill that slavery be excluded from all terri- 
tory acquired by this war. Passed the House but was 
twice defeated in the Senate. Caused a storm of pro- 
test from the South and threw the slavery question 
violently before the American people. The defeat of 
this Proviso aided in the formation of the Free Soil 
Party 1848. 
^X- 1850 Compromise of 1850. 

The desires of the various sections on slavery were in- 
corporated in the Compromise of 1850. Clay's third 
great Com.promise. The provisions were: 



(1) California to be admitted as a free State. 

(2) New Mexico and Utah to be organized as ter- 
ritories without provision or restrictions as to sla- 
very, 

^3) Texas to receive sum of money for land ceded 
by her t^ New Mexico, 

(4) Slave trade (not slavery) to be abolished in the 

District of Columbia. 

(5) Stringent fugitive Slave Law to satisfy South to 
be passed. 

Webster in his "Seventh of March" speech urged 
the acceptance of this Compromise and won 
much disfavor in the North by so doing. 
The first three terms of this Compromise were 
incorporated originally in one Bill which was 
called the Omnibus Bill 

The last proposal caused much opposition in the 
North because of its stringency and Fourteen 
Northern states passed the "Personal Liberty" 
Laws denying the use of State Jail, Courts, Etc. 
and demanding trial by Jury in enforcing this 
law. These personal Liberty Laws practically 
nullified the Fugitive Slave Law in those states 
and caused much bitter feeling in the South. 
K.KL 1854 Ostend Manifesto. 

The refusal of Spain both in 1840 and 1851 to sell 
Cuba to U. S. and the refusal of U. S. to guarantee the 
possession of Cuba to Spain in 1852, together with 
, the "Black Warrior" Incident, caused the Democratic 
Party in U. S. to become more determined than ever 
to secure this Island. So at the instigation of Pres. 
Pierce, the American ministers to England, Farnce and 
Spain — Buchanan, Mason, Soule — met at Ostend, Bel- 
gium 1854 and issued the Ostend Manifesto, which advo- 
cated the purchase of Cuba if possible, but if Spain re- 
fused to sell and our peace was endangered thereby, 
then seizure was justifiable. The prompt reparation of 
Spain in the Black Warrior Incident and opposition to 
acquisition of Cuba by Anti-Slavery men prohibited 
future action. 
%Xll. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

Introduced by Senator Stephen A. Douglas and provided 
that the Platte Country be organized into two territor- 
ies, Kansas and Nebraska and that the inhabitants of 
each territory should decide for themselves whether 
they should become slave states; thereby applying the 



57 

princiDle of "squatter" or '^popular*' sovereignty to 
these territories. This also annulled the Missouri Cioirl- 
promise. 

X^lll- 1855-61. Struggle for Kansas. 

After the application of squatter sovereignty to Kansas 
and Nebraska both the people of the North and the 
South made determined effoi'ts to settle Kansas. The 
Southern settlers known as "Sons of the South" or "Bor- 
der Ruffiians" and the Northern settlers known as "Free 
State Men" or "Black Republicans" soon were in con- 
flict over control of the State. The first Legislature 
(1855) was composed largely of slave holders, but the 
Free State men met at Topeka, organized a provisional 
government and adopted a provisional constitution ex- 
cluding slavery. 

These two rival governments exercised control over dif' 
terent sections of the state and bitterness of feeling in- 
creased between them which soon reacted in Congress 
in Sumner's speech "The Crime Against Kansas" and 
Brook's attack on Sumner. In Kansas in 1850 the slave 
sympathizers raided and sacked the "Free" town of 
Lawrence Vhile John BroWn retaliated with the Pottaw- 
atomie msasacre in which five slave holders were killed. 
Robert J. Walker vfas appointed Governor in 1857 and 
attempted to regulate afi'airs in Kansas with justice, but 
in spite of his opposition the Lecompton Constitution 
was favored by Democrats in Washington and except for 
the opposition of Douglas Kansas Would have been with 
this "slave" constitution. Kansas finally was admitted as 
a free State in 1861 

XXIV. 1857 DRED SOOTT DECISION. 

Dred Scott, a negro slave living in Missouri xv-as taken 
by his owner, an army surgeon, to Illinois and kept there 
lot two years and then returned to Missouri, where, 
bn the death of his owner, he was sold. Then he brought 
suit, first in state courts and then in the Federal Courts, 
for his freedom, claiming that, by his four years residence 
in free territory under the Missouri Compromise, that 
he was free and that his return to Missouri did not 
mean re-enslavement. The case reached the supreme 
, court of the U. S. in 1856. The points of law to be de- 

cided were: (1) Was Dred Scott a citizen of Missouri 
and therefore come under the Jurisdiction of the Fed- 
eral Courts (2) Did the Missouri Compromise protect 
him in his claims. The decision given by a majority 
of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Taney presiding and 



assenting was (1) That Dredi Scott was not a citizen of 
Missouri, so not a citizen of the U. S. and had no juris- 
diction in Federal Courts. (2) That Missouri Compro- 
mise was unconstitutional since a negro slave was a 
piece of property and Congress had no right to so Leg- 
islate" against the enjoyment of property. 

%XV. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES. 185». 

Lincoln and Douglas being opposing cnadidates for the Senator- 
ship ft-om Illinois in 1858, a series of joint debates was arranged 
between them at various places in the State. Lincoln took a 
stand against slavery w^hille Douglas assumed a compromise atit- 
tude, taking his stand firmly on his doctrine of squatter sover- 
eignty. In one of these debates at Freeport, Illinois, Lincoln 
by asking Douglas whether a territorial Legislature could legally 
exclude slavery prior to the adoption of it constitution as a 
state, caught Douglas between his oWn Doctrine of Squatter 
Sovereignty and the Dred Scott Decision. Douglas reply, known 
as his "Freeport Doctrine" was that by the enactment of hostile 
Legislation, a tei-ritorial Legislature could so exclude slavery. 
This won hifti the Setiatorship in Illinois but forever turned the 
South against hifti. 

JCXVI. 1859 JOHN BROWN'S RAID. 

John Brown, a native of Connecticut but a resident of 
Kansas where he had been active in the "struggle for 
Kansas," raised some $4,500 dollars in New England, 
went to Harper's Ferry, Va., and rented a farm there, 
then he began collecting arms and followers and on Oct. 
16, with twenty one followers he seized the U. S. Arsenal 
at Harper's Ferry, captured and held thirty prominent 
citizens as prisoners, cut the telegraph wares and held his 
own for twenty-four hours. The arrival of Col. R. E. 
Lee with a detachment of U. S. Marines on Oct. 18th, 
led to the capture of John Brown and four of his fol- 
lowers while ten were killed and eleven escaped. Brown 
received a fair trial and was executed Oct. 2, at Charles- 
town, West Virginia. 

XXVII. CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE. 1861. 

Suggested by Senator Crittenden of Kentucky, proposed: 

(1) To secure fulfillment of Missouri Compromise. 

(2) To establish "squatter sovereignty for territories." 

(3) To have Congress retui'n fugitive slaves or pay owners for' 
same. It was proposed to secure these by constitutional 
amendment but was defeated two days before Lincoln's- 

j Inauguration. 



59 

XVIII. SECESSION OF SOUTHERN STATES- 1860-1861. 
A — Causes. 

I Underlying Causes. 

(a) "State Rights and Sovereignty" Idea. 

(b) Slavery. 

II Immediate Causes. 

(a) Opposition of the North to slavery, its growth 
and expansion. 

(b) South's belief that the North had misinterpreted 
the constitution by refusing 

(1) To agree to states rights idea. 

(2) To submit to Dred Scott decision. 

[ (3) To repeal the "Personal Liberty" laws 

which practically nullified the Fugitive Slave 
Law of 1850. 
] (c) The South's resentment of the attacks by the 

North on slavery. The Southei-n people and their 
institutions and character. 
Cd) Political, for: 

(1) By 1820' South had lost control in House. 

(2) By 1850 South had lost control in Senate. 

(3) By Election of Lincoln South had lost con- 
trol over Presidency. 

(4) So South thought they would be at the mer- 
cy of the North, Politically, from now on. 

(e) The larger part of the Southern people did not 
believe or realize that Secession would lead to 

\ war but approved of secession as best solution of 

difficulties at that time and so hoped to force con- 

; cessions from the North. 



60 

Civil War 

(Federal commanders are in Black). 

Victorious Defeated 

plg^QC Date Commander Commander 

Fort Sumpter, S. C. 1861_-Beauregard Anderson 

Bull Run. Va July 21, 1861_-Beauregard and Jackson __McDo-well 

Wilson's Creek, Mo 1861--McCuIloch and Price Lyon 

Big Bethel, Va 1861--Magruder Pearce 

Carthage, Mo 1861- -Jackson Sigel 

Lexington. Mo 1861--Price Mulligan 

Belmont, Mo 1861- -Polk Grant 

Ball's Bluff, Va 1861--Evans Baker 

Phillippi Va. 1861_-Kelley and Dumont Porterfield 

Rich Mountain, Va l861--McCleIlan Pegram 

Boonville, Mo 1861_-Lyon Marmaduke 

Carrick's Ford, Va 1861--McClenan Ga-nett 

Ctirnif3X Ferry, Va l861--Rosecrans Floyd 



Mill Spring, Ky 186Z_-Thomas ZollicoflFer 

Capture of Ft. Henry, Tenn-_l862--Foote Tilghman 

Capture of Fort Donelson, 

'Penn. 1862--Grant Buckner 

ohiloh (Pittsburg Landing) 

'Pgri;^ 1862__Grant and Buell A. S. Johnston and 

Beauregard 

Perryvillc, Ky. 1862__Buell Bragg 

luka Miss. 1862-_Rosecrans Price 

Corinth, Miss. 1862_-Rosecrans Price and Van Dorn 

Murfree&boro, Tenn 1862--Rosecrans (Ind) Bragg 

Pea Ridge. Ark 1862_-Curtis Van Dorn 

' Capture of New Orleans, La.-1862--Farra£rut Lovell 

■^M^onitor vs. Merrimac 1862-- Worden (Ind) Buchanan 

Wil^iamsburg, Va. 1862-_Hooker Longstreet 

Fair Oaks, Va 1862__ McClellan J. E.Johnston 

South Mountain, Md 1862_-McClenan Lee 

Hp-'per's Ferry, Va 1862-- Jackson Miles 

Antietrm Md. 1862_- McClellan (Ind) --__- Lee 

Malvern Hill, Va. 1862__McCleHan Lee 

Cross Keys, Va 1862__Jackson Fremont 

Port Republic, Va 1862_-Jackson Shields 

\ 2nd Bull Run, Va 1862_-Lee and Jackson Pope 

V Frederiekrburg, Va. 1862__Lee Burnside 



61 



f 



Victorious Defeated 

Place Date Commander Commander 

Cedar Mountain, Va 1862_- Jackson Banks 

Chantilly, Va. 1862__Lee Stevens and Kearney 

Richmond, Ky. 1862__Kirby Smith Manson 



Chickamauga, Ga. 1863__Bragg Rosecrans end Thomas 

ChancellorsviUe, Va. 1863__Lee Hooker 

Jackson, Miss 1863-_Grant Johnston 

Champion Hills, Miss. 1863-_Grant J Pemberton 

Big Black River, Miss 1863_- Grant Pemberton 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 1863 __ Grant , Bragg 

Gettysburg. Pa. July 1, 1863__Meade Lee 



Olustee, Fla. 1864__Finnegan Seymour 

Franklin, Tsnn. 1864-_Hood Schofield 

Spottsylvania, Va. 1864__Lee ^ Grant 

CoM Harbor, Va. 1864__Lee Grant 

Monocacy, Md. 1864--Early Wallace 

Sabine Cross Roads 1864__Kirby Smith Banks 

Bermuda Hundred, Va 1864_-Beauregard Butler 

New Market, Va I864__Breckenridge Sigel 

Dalton, Ga. 1864__Sherman Johnston 

Resaca, Ga. 1864_-Sherman ._ Johnston 

Dallas, Ga. 1864 _ .Sherman Johnston 

Lost Mountain, Ga 1864__Sherman Johnston 

Kenesaw Mountain, Ga 1864__Sherman Johnston 

Nashville, Tonn. 1864_. Thomas Hood 

Winchester, Va. 1864_ -Sheridan Earlv 

Fisher's Hill, Va 1864_ -Sheridan Early 

Cedar Creek, Va 1864 --Sheridan Early 

^Mobile Bay, Ala 1864__Farragut Buchanan 

Kearsage vs. Atabama 1864-_Winslow Semmes 

Atlanta, Ga. 1864- -Sherman Hood 

^Wilderness, Va. 1864--Grant Lee (Indecisive) 



^ Averysboro, N. C 1865. -Sherman Johnston 

Bentonville, N. C. 1865-_Sherman Johnston 

P"'ort Steadman, Va 1865_-Grant Lee 

Five Forks, Va. 1865 --Sheridan Lee 

Capture of Ft. Fisher. N. C.--186.5- -Porter and Terry 

Capture o'f Petersbui-g, Va 1865 --Grant Lee 

Capture of Richmond, Va 1865-. Grant ^__ Lee 



t62 

Surrender of Lee, April 9, 1865, at Appomattox C. H. Va., to Grant. 
Surrender of Johnston, April 26, 1865, at Durham, N. C. to Sherman- 

The purpose of the North during the war was not to conquer the South 
or free its slaves but to maintain the supremacy of the Federal Government 
and the Constitution and to preserve their Union. 

The purpose of the South was to break away from the Union and to 
form an independent Slave-holding Confederacy. 
PRINCIPAL CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR ___(?__0 __ 

I. GRANT IN THE WEST. 

1862 (a) Capture of Fort DoneUon. (U) Grant vs. Floyd Pil- 
low and Buckner. 

1862 (b) Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. (U) Grant vs. 

A. S. Johnston. 
1862-1863 (c) Campaign against Vicksburg. 

1862 (A) First effort to capture Vicksburg from 

the North failed. 

(a) Destruction of Grant's store of supplies 
at Holly Springs by Van Dorn. , 

1863 |B) Second Attempt. 

(1) Failure of Canal project. 

(2) Grant moved his army to South of 

Vicksburg while the Federal Fleet ran 
past Confederate batteries at night. 

(3) Capture of Grand Gulf by Grant. 

(4) Battle of Jackson. (U) Grant vs. J. E. 
Johnston. 

(5) Battle of Champion Hills (U) Grant 

vs. Pemberton. 
Battle of Big Black River (U) Grant 
vs Pemberton. 

(6) Siege of Vicksburg May 18-July 4. 

(7) Surrender of Vicksburg July 4, Grant 

vs. Pemberton. 30,000 Confederates 
surrendered. 

(8) Capture of Port Hudson by Gen. Banks. 

Confederacy cut in two. 

1863 (d) Siege of Chattanooga. 

Grant relieved Rosecrans, besieged in 
Chattanooga and then directed the Bat- 
tles of Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
ary Ridge against Bragg. Grant was 
now in command of Federal Armies in 
the West. 

II. GRANT IN THE EAST. 

1864 (a) Grant made Lieut. General and put in command of all 

the Union Armies. He immediately assumed direction 



63 

bf Operations in Virginia. 
1864 (b) His advance to Richmond. 

(1) Battle of Wilderness. (Ind) Grant vs. Lee. 

(2) Battle of Spottsylvania. C. H. (Ind) Grant vs. Lee 

(3) Battle of Cold Harbor (C) Grant vs. Lee. 

(4) Grant crossed James and besieged Petersburg. 
J (a) Battle of "The Crater." (C) Grant vs Lee. 
' (c) Early's Raid in the Valley of Virginia. 

(1) Lee sent Gen. Early up the valley to threaten 
Washington and so force Grant to send reinforce- 
ments there. Grant sent General Sheridan. 
' (2) Battle of Monocacy. (C) Early vs. Wallace. 

(3) Battle of Winchester (U) Early vs. Sherman. 

(4) Battle of Fishers Hill. (U) Early vs. Sheridan 

(5) Sheridan's devastation of "The Valley." , 

(6) Battle of Cedar Cpek (U) Early vs. Sheridan. 
186.T (d) Battle of Five Forks. (U) Sheridan vs. Lee. 

(e) Evacuation of Petersburg. (U) Grant vs Lee. 

(f) Evacuation of Richmond. (U) Grant vs. Lee. 

(g) Surrender of Lee at Appomattox C. H. Va., April 9. 
in. FEDERAL CONTROL OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER WHICH CUT THE 

CONFEDERACY IN TWO. 

18(52 (1) Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. (U) by Com. 
Foote and Gen. Grant. 

(2) Capture of Island No. 10 (U) by, Com. Foote and Gen. 
Pope. 

(3) Battle of Shiloh. (U) Grant vs. A. S. Johnston. 

(4) Capture of Fort Pillow and Memphis. (U) 

(5) Capture of New Orleans (U) by Farragut. 
18G.3 (6) Capture of Vicksburg (U) Grant vs. Pemberton. 

(7) Capture of Port Hudson and Miss. River was entirely 
in Federal Hands. 
4V. SHERMAN'S CAMPAIGN IN THE SOUTH. 

18()4 Sherman's Plan was to invade the lower South, capture the 
great Confederate depot of supplies at Atlanta, weaken the 
South economically as much as possible and then move 
North and unite with Grant. 

(1) Battle of Dalton (U) Sherman vs. Johnston. 

(2) Battle of Resaca_ (Ind) Sherman vs. Johnston. 

(3) Battle of Dallas (Ind) Sherman vs. Johnston. 

(4) Battle of Kenesaw Mountain (C) Sherman vs. John- 
ston. 

(5) Johnston who had employed a splendid Fabian policy 
against Sherman was now removed and Gen. Hood put 
in his place. 

(6) Battles around Atlanta. Hood defeated three times 
; by Sherman. 



^4 

(7) Evacuation of Atlanta by Hood. 

(8) Hood turned north into Tennessee?. 

(1) Battle of Franklin (C) Hood vs. Schofield. . 

(2) Battle of Nashville. (U) Hood vs. Thomas. 

(9) Sherman burned Atlanta and then started on his fa- 
mous "march to the sea" over a zone 60 miles v^^ide from 
Atlanta to Savannah. His destruction of property 
amounted to .$100,000,000. 

(10) Capture of Savannah by Sherman/ (U). 

186^ (11) Sherman advanced into South Carolina and continued 
his policy of devastation. 
(12) Burning of Columbia, S. C, ty Shermari's Army. 
(I'S) Capture of Charleston^ (U); 
• (14) Battle of Averysboro, N C.,_ (U) Shermarl vs. John- 

ston. 
(15 Battle of Bentonville, N. C, (U) Sherman vg. John- 
ston/ 
(16) Surrender of Johnston at Durham, N. C-, April 26. 
V. BRAGG'S CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST. 

1862 (1) Gen. Bragg advanced into Tennessee and Kentucky to 
win these States back for the Confederacy. Gen- Buell 
sent to oppose him. 
(3) Battle of Perry ville. (U) Bragg vs. Buell, 

(3) Battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro. (Ind) Bragg vs 
Rosecrans. 

(4) Kentucky and the best part of Tennessee lost to Confed- 
eracy. 

i86Si (5) Battle of Chickam^uga. (C) Bragg vs. Rosecrans. 

(6) Rosecran beseiged in Chattanooga. 

(7) Battles tiround C|iattanooga. 

(a) Lookout Mountain (U) IJragg vs. Grant and 
Hooker. 

(b) Missionary Ridge. (U) Bragg' vs. Cirant and 
Shermain- 

Vi. LEE'S CAMI>AIGN THROUGHOUT WAR. 

1861 (1) Lee defeated by McClellan and Rosecrans in several 

minOr engagements in West Virginia. 

1862 (2) Lee assumed command of "Arttiy Of Northern Virginia'^ 

after Battle of Fair 6aks. 

(3) Seven Days Battles. (C) Lee vs. McClellail. 

(4) Camapign against Pope in Northern Virginia. 

(a) Battle of Cedar Mountain (C) Jackson vs. 
Banks. 

(b) Jackson captured, burned Pope base of supplies 
at Manassas Junction. 

(c) Second battle Bull Run (Manassas). Lee-^ 



65 

I" Jackson vs. Pope. 

(d) Battle of Chantilly --(C) Jackson vs. Kearney 
(5) Lee's First Northward Invasion into Maryland. 
J (a) Capture of Harpers Ferry by Jackson. 

, (b) Battle of Antietam or Sharpsburg (Ind) Lee 

vs. McClellan. Lee's Invasion checked. 
(()) Battle of Fredericksburg (C) Lee vs. Burnside. 

1863 Lee made Commander-in-Chief of Southern Armies. 

(7) Battle of Chancellorsville. ( C) Lee vs. Hooker, 

(8) Lee's second Northern Invasion into Pennsylvania. 

(9) Battle of Gettysburg. (U) Lee vs. Meade. The de- 
cisive Battle of the War. 

1864 (10) Opposed to Grant from Wilderness, 1864 to Appomat- 

tox in 1865. (See Grant's Campaign in the East.) 
VII. JACKSON'S VALLEY CAMPAIGN- 1862. 

With a force of 17,000 men Jackson was sent into the Vaiiey of 
Virginia to occupy the attention of McDowell's Army and prevent it 
from joining McClellan before Richmond. He was most successful. 

(1) Battle of Strasburg (C) Jackson vs. Banks. 

(2) Battle of Winchester (C) Jackson vs. Banks. 

(3) Battle of Cross Keys (C) Jackson vs. Fremont. 

(4) Battle of Port Republic (C) Jackson vs. Shields; 
Thus in 35 days Jackson's Army marched 245 miles, won every bat- 
tle and practically destroyed three Federal armies. 

Vin. NAVAL OPERATIONS. 

1861 (1) Blockade of Southern Ports. 

(a) Confederate Blockade Runners. 

1862 (2) Monitor and Merrimac. 

(a) First Days Battle Destruction of the Federa' 
FrijiaLes Congress, Cumberland and Minnesota 
\ by the Merrimac. 

(c) Second Days Battle. Fight between the Mon- 
itor and Merrimac. (Ind). Worden vs. Buch- 
anan. 
<3) Capture of Confederate Ports and Naval Bases. 

1861-62 (a) Capture of Roanoke Island and Newbern, 
\ N. C, by Federal Fleet and force under 

\ Gen. Burnside. 

1861 (b) Capture of Port Royal, S. C, by Federal 
Fleet. 

(c) Capture of New Orleans by Federal Fleet 
under Parragut. 

(d) By middle of 1862 all the Atlantic Coast 
except Wilmington, Charleston, and Sa- 
vannah was in Federal hands. 

1863 (e) First Federal Naval attack on ^harle«ton 



66 



was unsuccessful. The second attack led 
to capture of Fort Sumpter- Charleston 
did not fall, though, until 1865. 

1864 (f) Battle of Mobile Bay. (U) Farragut vs. 

Buchanan, 
(g) Capture of Savannah by Sherman. 

1865 (h) Capture of Fort Fisher by Admiral Porter 

and Gen. Terry. This closed last Confed- 
erate outlet to the Sea and made the 
Blockade complete, 
(i) Capture of Charleston by Sherman. 
(4) Confederate Cruisers. 

1862-64 (a) The "Alabama" _under Capt. Raphael 
Seemes. Built in England,, and armed 
and equipped in the Azores. Great me- 
nace to Federal shipping. Destroyed 69 
Federal Ships. Was Finally sunk off 
Cherbourg, France in 1864 by Kearsage 
under Captain Winslow. 
1862 (b) The'Tlorida" also built in and sent out 
from England captured 37 Federal ships. 

(c) "Shenandoah" built in England. Cap- 
tured 36 Federal ships. 

(d) "Tallahassee" captured 29 Federal ships. 

(e) The activities of these English built Con- 
federate cruisers practically drove Feder- 
al Commerce from the Sea and gave a 
great set back to the American Merchant 

Marine. ^ 



(57 



Reconstruction 



I PRESIDENTIAL. 

A Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction. 

Lincoln believed Reconstruction to be an executive function: 
That the Confederate Statse having never been legally out of 
the Union, w^ere still members of the Union but were for the 
present incapable of normal action; that the conditions for the 
return of normal status of the Confederate Sattes should not be 
onerous. 

(1) 1863 Jan. 1, Emancipation Proclamation. Declared slavery 
abolished in all states resisting the Union and mentioned compen- 
sation for slaves in the Loyal States. 

(2) 1863 Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation, offered pardon to all 
except certain citizens of the South provided they would take 
oath of Loyalty and accept the Laws and Proclamations regard- 
ing slavery. The persons excludea from pardon were; (1) the 
former Confederate civil and diplomatic officers; (2) those who 
had resigned positions in Federal Judiciary, army or navy or 
Congress to enter service of the Confederacy; (3) Confederate 
army officers above the rank of Colonel and naval officers above 
the rank of Lieutenant; (4) persons who refused to treat cap- 
tured negro troops and their white officers as prisoners of War. 
Then, when one tenth of the citizens of the state had taken the 
prescribed oath they might establish a civil government, provid- 
ed emancipation was recognized. 

^ Under this plan reconstruction was begun in Louisiana in 1863- 

64 and in Tennessee and Arkansas in 1864-65. But Congress 
refused to admit Representatives of these 'States to its meetings. 
Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction pleased the majority of the 
Northern people but the Radical Republicans thought it feoo mild 

(3) 1864 Wade — Davis Bill. Passed through Congress by Radical 
Republicans but was given a "pocket veto by Lincoln. This 
Bill excluded practically all of the Confederate officials from 
voting, forever prohibited slavery, and demanded that Confed- 
erate debts be repudated. Was too severe for Lincoln. 

(4) "Twenty-Second Joint Rule." Provided that the consent of 
each House was necessary to count the disputed electorial vote 
of a state. Remained in force until 1876- Congress and Lin- 
coln were now deadly to each other on Reconsturction. 

(5) 1865 Thirteenth Amendment. Abolished slavery in U. S. and 
gave Congress right to enforce the abolition with appropriate 
Legislation. 

B — Johnson's Plan of Reconstruction Practically the Same as Lin- 
coln^* 
(I) 1865 Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation. All Confederates ex- 



68 

cept those excluded were to be pardoned upon taking oath of 
allegiance. In addition to those excluded from pardon by Lin- 
coln, Johnson added those Confederates possessing property 
i worth $20,000 or more. Otherwise Johnson's plan same as Lin- 

'l coin's. Negro suffrage was not demanded under either plan. 

|- The rest of the seceded states began reconstruction under this 

I plan. 

j (2) 1865-66 Freedman's Bureau Bill. Provided a bureau under 

; the War Department to look after the negro, his education, hab- 

i its and contracts; to furnish him with supplies and to protect 

J him whenever necessary against the white man. A new bill 

j greatly enlarging the power of the Burean was passed in 1866 

I Johnson vetoed this Bill. 

(3) 1865 * New Black Codes in the South. Very severe. Caus- 
ed Northern people to distrust the Southern whites in their re- 
j lations with the freed Negro and gave the Radicals in Gongress 

^ an excuse for more severe reconstruction. 

! (4) 1866 Civil Rights Bill- Declared that all persons born in U. 

1 S. to be citizens except untamed Indains and foreign subjcets 

and guaranteed equal rights to such citizens. Johnson vetoed 

this bill but Congress passed it over his veto. The fight between 

Johnson and Congress was now bitter. 

(5) 1866 Tennessee readmitted as a State. 

i;. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION. 

The Radical Republicans in Congress led by Thaddus Stevens 
in the House and Charles Sumner in the Senate claimed Recon- 
struction to be a Legislative function. They beUeved that se- 
[ cession had not destroyed the States or taken them from the 

( Union but had deprived them of their national rights which were 

f to be restored under such conditions as Congress might impose. 

! They believed that both Johnon's and Lincoln's plans of reocn- 

■ ' struction were too mild and were strongly opposed to Johnson. 

(1) 1867 Military Reconstruction Act. (1) That the ten seced- 
ed states should be divided into five military districts each un- 
der command of a general of the army to be appointed by the 
President; (2) under the supervision of these military autTio:-- 
! ities, each state was to hold a convention to frame a State Con- 

f stitution; (3) at these conventions negroes were to have the 

I right to vote and act as delegates; (4) when these Constitu- 

' tions had been accepted by the voters of the state, and approv- 

f ed by Congress, the states might be re-admitted, provided their 

i legislatures had ratified the 14th Amendment. Vetoed by 

' Johnson but was passed over his veto. 

' (2) Tenure of Office Act- The steady opposition of Johnson to Con- 

gress led to the passage of this Act over his veto. It deprived 
the President of the richt of removing public officers, even mem- 



69 

bers of his cabinet, without the consent of the Senate. 

(3) 1868 Impeachment of President John'on. Johnson was ac- 
cused of "high crimes and misdemeanors" which consisted of 

f (1) Violating the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary 

\ of War Stanton; (2) declaring certain laws unconstitutional; 

; (3) criticising Congress severely in his "swinging around the 

j circle speeches" in 1866; (4) in opposing Congressional re- 

construction. The House laid the charge and the Senate acted 
I as the Jury. Johnson was acquitted but lacked only one vote 

' of conviction. 

(4) Fourteenth Amendment. Proposed in 1867 but was not ratified 
until Alabama. North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Arkan- 
sas and Louisiana were admitted in 1868 upnder Military Re- 
construction Act. Made the negro a citizen of U. S. 

(5) Fifteenth Amendment- To prevent negro suffrage from being 
abolished in the South this Amendment which guaranteed the 
Negro against denial of his rights on account of "race color 
or previous condition of servitude," was adopted. 

^6) 1870 The Readmission of Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, and 
Texas. 

(7) 1870 Enforcement Act. Forbade a state to abi'idge suffrage 
on account of race color of previous condition of servitude and 
declared the right of the Federal Government to correct such 
abridgements whenever they occurred. Was passed to enforce 
the 14th and 15th Amendments. 

(8) 1871 Ku KIux Act or Force Act. Devised to break up the Ku 
Klux K-an. It provided severe punishment for any attempts 
to deter anyone from voting or holding office, authorized the 
President to use the army to enforce the act and temporarily 
suspend the operation of the writ of habeas corpus. 

(9) 1872 Amnesty Act. Granted Amnesty and a restoration of 
political rights to all excluded classes of Confederates except 

the most prominent Confederate leaders. 

(10) 1877 Removal of Federal Troops from the South by Presi- 
dent Hayes. 

(11) 1866 Ku KIux Klan. Organized in 1866 at Pulaski, Tenn., 
by a group of young men as a secret society. Effect of their 
wierd proceedings on the negroes gave the Southern whites 
the idea and the movement repidly spread. Reorganized in 
1867 into a strong centralized system with Gen. N. B. Forrest 
at its head. The "den" or local unit did all the work. Meth- 
ods were threats, frights, punishment and death. Officially 

' dissolved in 1869, but actually remained into working order 

several years longer and then fell into great abuse and dis- 

' repute 

' "Carpet-Baggers." A name applied to Northern men who 

went South after the war. It was a term of opprobrium be- 



70 



cause a large number of th^m Were greedy and Unscrupulous 
adventurers who sought only political preferment and plunder, 
"Scalawag" the name applied to renegade Southerners who 
joined hands with the disreputable "Carpet-Baggers" in plun- 
dering the South. 



Panics Id The United States 

(1) Panic of 1819. Caused by lack of specie money, bad management 
of Second National Bank and inadequate financial provisions. Whole 
country suffered financially and Unomically. Caused a great de- 
mand for high Tariff to afford both increased revenue and protection. 

(2) Panic of 1837. Caused by overissues of paper money and lack of 
specie money, "Wild Cat Banks," excessive land speculation, too 
great extension of credit and of business undertakings; the Spe- 
cie Circular" and the distribution of the surplus under Jackson. Pri- 
ces dropped, mills closed, banks failed, and demand greatly decreas- 
ed for commodities. Everywhere was financial ruin and much suft- 
ering ^resulted. Van Buren called special session of Congress 'o 
relieve distress and the Independent Treasury or "The Divorce Bill" 
with the provision that the government should receive and pay out 
only gold and silver, was passed in 1840. 

(3) Panic of 1857. The discovery of gold in California had caused a 
boom period in American Industry. As a result there was too great 
a railroad expansion, an overproduction in manufactures, and too 
much loose credit. Matters could go no further on this basis and 
in 1857 the panic broke. Many western banks failed, while most 
of the eastern banks closed their doors. The panic was general. Busi- 
ness practically stopped and fourteen railroads failed. The West 
suffered the most and normal conditions were not restored until 1860. 

(4) Panic of 1873. After the Civil War there was a great business ex- 

tension and development in the North and West, both in railroad 
building and in manufactures, as well as in agriculture. The coun- 
try experienced a wave of prosperity, Bnt in 1873 Jay Cooke and 
Co., of Philadelphia failed and the panic started. The people lost 
confidence, stocks fell, runs were made on the banks, and the panic 
became general. The fall of the price of wheat greatly hurt the 

West and normal times did not return until 1878. This was our 
worst panic. 

(5) Panic of 1893. This panic was due to a sudden loss of public con- 
fience in business after a period of great credit inflation and business 
business expansion. Failures, bankruptcies, and unemployment re- 
sulted. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff, did not rpoduce sufficient rev- 
enue. The Gold Reserve steadily sank, and "hard" money was need- 



71 

ed. The Government tided over by borrowing gold from private 
bankers. 
(6) Panic of 1907. Caused by overspecluation in securities, poor banking- 
system and the destruction of the San Francisco earthquake and fire. 
Not as severe as other panics, as it was chiefly financial and not so 
much general. 



Spanish-American War 

CAUSES: (1) Insurrection broke out against Spanish in Cuba and the 
the sympathy of the American people was with the 
natives. 
(2) "Reconcentiado" camps devised by Gen. ("Butcher") 
Weyler, into which the natives were driven and died by 
thousands from lack of food and supplies. 
Vjn 1(3) Publications of Spanish Minister De Lome's letter in 

which he spoke slightingly of President McKinley. 

(4) Destruction of the U. S. S. "Maine" in Hai'bor at Havana. 

(5) Joint Resolution of Congress authorized President to 

force Spain to leave Cuba. 

(6) Spain broke off diplomatic relations with U. S. and war 

began. 



THE WAR 

IN PHILLIPINES. 

1898 May 1. (1) Battle of Manilla Bay. Commodore Geoi^ge 
Dewey with seven ships defeated and captur- 
ed the entire Spanish Fleet of ten ships in 
Manilla Bay, captured Cavite and the Spanish 
Forts at the harbor entrance. 
Aug. 13, (2) Capture of City of Manilla by a combined 
Naval attack by Dewey and land attack by 
General Merritt. 



Cervera's Fleet bottled up in Santiago. Hobson 
sank the "Merrimac" in the Harbor entrance. 
Defeat of Spanish at Las Guasimas by Gen. 
Wheeler. 
Capture of El Caney by Gen Lawton and of 
San Juan Hill by Gen. Wheeler. Charge at 
San Juan by Roosevelt's "Roughriders." 
July 3 (4) Naval Battle of Santiago. Destruction of Ce- 



IN CUBA. 




1898 May 19. 


(1) 


June 24, 


(2) 


July 1. 


(3) 



72 

vera's Fleet of six battleships by Admiral 
Schley with seven American ships. 
July 17. (5) Surrender of Santiago by Gen. LoraL 

ril. IN PORTO RICO. 

1898 July 25. Gen. Miles with American Army of occupation 
landed in Porto Rico and took possession. 
IV. PEACE. 

Aug. 12 (1) Protocol for the cessation of Hostilities signed. 
Dec. 10 (2) Treaty of Peace. Treaty of Paris 1898, 



Important Treaties 



1713 Tre&ty of Utrecht — ^ended Queen Anne's War. France ceded New 

Foundland, Nova Scotia and the Hudson Bay region to England. 
1763 Treaty of Paris. (See seven years War). 
1783 Treaty of Paris. Ended the Revolutionary War. 

(1) Independence of American Colonies. 

(2) Boundaries. The Mississippi to the 31st parallel to be the 
Western boundary. The Southern was to be the 31st, parallel 

from the Mississippi to the Chattahoochee then down that 
River to its junction with the Flint, thence in a straight line 
to the source of the St. Mary's River, thence to the Sea. A 
secret clause provided that in case England won back Flor- 
ida the Southern Boundary between the Mississippi and the 
Chattahoochee should be the parallel 32° 30' . The Northern 
Boundary was to be from the Lake of the Woods across 
the Great Lakes, down the St. Lawrence to the 54tli parallel, 
thence along that to the "highlands" and along these "high- 
lands" to the Bay of Chalour. 

(3) That American Congress should recommend that the states 

pass acts to relieve the measures directed against the Loy- 
alists. 

(4) That the Americans should pay ttheir pre-war British debts. 

(5) That Amsricans shoul denjoy fishing rights o ffNew Foundland. 

This treaty was a separate Treaty between U. S. and Eng- 
land. Oswald was the British Commissioner and Adams, 
Franklin and Jay were the American Commissioners. 

l77S French Alliance- A commercial and poitical agi-eeraer.t v.ith France 
Each nation agreed to make war on the enemies of the other. 
United States guaranteed possession of the French West Indies 
with certain privileges for French ships in American ports. 

i795 Jay's Treaty. Negotiated by John Jay between U. S. and England. 
Provided that (1) England should give up her ports on our frontier 
(2) Compensation should be made for American vessels and slaves 
taken illegally by English, (3) That British ports in the West In- 
dies should be open to American ships under 70 tons burden, (4) 
U. S. should pay the pre-war debts to the British Merchants, (5) 
U. S. should not export American cotton or West India products 
to Europe. Was not a popular treaty in the U. S. 

I7d5 Treaty with Spain. Gave U. S. a place of deposit for American 
goods at New Orleans, acknowledged claim of U. S. for free naviga- 
tion of Mississippi River and claim of U. S. of 31st parallel as the 
boundary betewen Spanish and American Territory. 

1814. Treaty of Ghent — Closed War of 1812. Provided for mutual res- 
toration of co:-quered territory and for three commissions, — one to 



74 

settle the titles to islands in PassaJHaquoddy Bay, another to dfi' 
fine the northeast boundary of the United States as far as the St. 
Lawrence and a third to run a line through the St. Lawrence and 
the Lakes to the Lak(3 of Woods. It took from th^ British the right 
of navigating the Mississippi and from the New England fishermen 
the right of catching and curing fish on the shores of the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. 

American commissioners — Clay, Adams, Gallatin, Bayard, and Rus- 
selL 

1818 Treaty of 1818. Between U. S. and England. Provided that (1) 
U. S. give up some of its fishing rights ofi" Canada. (2) England 
give up her rights of free navigation of Mississippi River, (3) that 
the Northwest boundary follow the 49th parallel from the Lake 
of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, (4) Ithat both U. S. and 
England should jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for 10 years. 

1819-21. Treaty with Spain. Spain ceded Florida to U. S. for $5,000,000 
and renounced claim to any part of the Pacific Coast north of 
49th parallel. U. S. gave up its claims to Texas Under Louisiana 
Purchase. 

1824 Russian Treaty. Declared the Fisheries and Navigation of the Pa- 
cific open to both U. S. and Russia and established the line .54° 40 ' 
as the boundary line between the activities of the countries. 

1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty. Between U. S. and England settled 
dispute over boundary line between Maine and Canada. Ended 
the "Aroostook War." (1) U. S. received a larger part of territory 
in dispute. (2) Mutual extradition of certain classes of criminals 
was agreed upon. (3) And the "Crusing Convention" which obli- 
gated each U. S. and England to maintain a squadron oflF the coast 
of Africa to suppress the slave trade was agreed upon* Webster 
Secretary of State for U. S. and Lord Ashburton for England were 
the commissioners, 

1846 Oregon Treaty. Settled boundary dispute and rival claims of U. 
S. and England to the Oregon Territory. Fixed the Boundary of 
Oregon Territory as the 49th parallel. The U. S. demanded 54° 
40 ' as the boundary but accepted the Compromise Line of 40 parallel 

1844 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Ended the Mexican War. Mexico 
ceded upper California and New Mexico to U, S. and acknow- 
ledged the Rio Grande as the Southern Boundary of Texas and 
the Gila River as the Northern Boundary of Mexico. U .S. paid 
$15,000,000, and assumed the claims of U. S. citizens against Mex- 
ico. Negotiated by Nicholas P. Trist. 

18S0 Clayton-BulHver Treaty With Great Britain. Neither country was 
to obtain exclusive control of the projected Nicaragua ship canal j 
neither country was to fortify the canal or .vicinity; neither country 
was to assume any domain over any part of Central America. In 
case of war, all vessels of both countries should be exempt from 



75 

capture in going through the canal. Both agreed to guarantee the 
neutrality of the canal. Negotiated by Secretary of State Clayton. 
Abrogated by Hay-Paunceforte Treaty, 1900. 
1871 i reaty of Waskington. With England- This treaty provided i'or 
the settlement of three issues between U. S. and Great Britain at 
that time and stated the manner of the settlement of each. 

(1) Northvvest Boundary. Decided by arbitration. Was re- 
ferred to German Emperor who decided in favor of U. S. 

(2) "Alabama Claims." Decided by arbitration. A Board of 
Five Arbiters representing Italy, Brazil, Switzerland, Eng- 
land and the U. S. met at Geneva and in 1872 awarded the 
U. S. $15,500,000 for England's neglect in allowing the 

, Confederate crui-er "Alabama"' to leave her ports. This 

Board of Arbiters is known as the "Geneva Convention." 

(3) Canadian Fishery Dispute. Settled by a board cf commis- 
sioners who met at Halifax anc decided that U. S. must 
pay England $5,500,000 and remit duties amounting to 

$4,200,000 for certain fishing privileges off New Foundlartd. 
Known as the "Hallifax Convention." 

The Treaty of Washington was negotiated by Secretary 
of State Fish for U. S. and Sir John Rose for England. 

1898 Treaty of Paris. With Spain. Ended the Spanish- American War. 
provided that (1) Spain surrender all sovereignty over Cuba, (2) 
cede Porto Rico and Guam to U. S., (3) cede Phillipine Islands to 
U. S. and receive $20,000,000 for the public works erected thereon 
by Spain. 

1899 Treaty of Washington. Between U. S., Great Britain, and Germany 
and settled the Samoan Incident. Provided that U. S. have Tutuila 
have those islands west of 171° West and that Germany should 
have those islands east of 171° West. England received nothing. 

1901 Hay-Paunceforte-Trsaty Between U. S. and England. Annulled 
the Clayton-Buliver Treaty. U. S. was given exclusive right to 
build and operate the canal while both nations guaranteed its neu- 
trality. No provision as to fortification of Canal. Negotiated by 
John Hay. 

1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. Between U. S. and Panama. (1) In- 
tegrity of Panama guaranteed by U. S. (2) U. S. gave full sover- 
eignty over ten mile strip from Atlantic to Pacific for construction 
of a canal. (3) U. S. to pay Panama $10,000,000 and $250,000 
annually beginning with 1913. 



Territorial Additions to U. S. 

1787 Northv/est Territory. Ceded by the States to the Central Govern- 
ment. The states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin 



76 

and a part of Minnesota were made from this Territory. 
1803 Louisiana Purchase. Treaty with France by which U. S. purchased 
for $15,000,000 the Louisiana Territory from France. Monroe and 
Livingston arranged the purchase for U. S. The states of Mon- 
tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota partly, Wyoming 
partly, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouj-i; Oklahoma; Arkansas; 
Colorado partly, and Louisiana partly. 
1818. Northern 3ection of Minnesota. By treaty of 1818 with England 
we ceded a part of Louisiana for this section of Minnesota territory 
the basin of the Red River. 
1819-21 Florida. Treaty with Spain. Spain ceded Florida to U. S. and 
abondoned her claim to the Oregon country in our favor for 
$5,000,000 to be paid to American citizens for their claims for 
property wrongfully seized by Spain. U. S. also abandoned its 
claims to Texas in favor of Spain. 

1845 Texas. Annexed to U. S. by joint resolution of Congress. 

1848 Clalifornia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and part of Colorado 

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo with Mexico. Mexico ceded this ter- 
ritory to U. S. who agreed to pay $15,000,000 to Mexico and to as- 
sume the claims of American citizens, amounting to about $3,000- 
000 against Mexico. 

1853 Gadsden Purchase. Southern secticwi of Arizona and New Mexico 
bought from Mexico for $10,000,000. Purchase neogtiated by Cap- 
tain Gadsden. 

1867 Alaska. Russia being unable to govern Alaska properly and fearing 
that England would oecupy and seize it, offered to sell it to U. S. 
Terms were agreed upon and the Treaty signed in one night. The 
purchase price was $7,200,000. 

1898 Hawaian Islands. Annexed to U. S. by joint resolution of Congress. 

1898 Porto Rico, Guam and Philliptne Islands. By Treaty of Paris 1798 
Spain ceded Porto Rico and Guam to U. S. without remuneration 
The Phillippine Islands were likewise ceded by Spain but U. S. 
paid her $20,000,000 for the public works erected by Spain on these 
Islands. 

1900 Samoan Islands, consisting of Tutuila, Manua and Ofoo became 
territory of U. S. by division with Germany and England under 
Treaty of Washington, 1900. 

1903 Panama Canal Zone- By the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Pana- 
ma. Panama gave U. S. full sovereignty over the zone for $10,000- 
000 down and $250,000 annually beginning in 1913. 

1917 Danish West Indies or Virgin Islands. Group of more than 50 
small Islands of which St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix are the most 
important, sold to U. S. by Treaty by Denmark for $25,000,000. 



77 



Important Laws 



1787 Northwest Ordinance. 
1789-S1 Hamilton's Financial plan adopted. 

1793 First Fugitive Slave Law. A mild law providing for return of fu- 
gitive slaves to their owners. 
1798 Alisn Laws. In force only two years. Never enforced. 

(1) Naturalization Act. Increased period of residence neces- 
sary for naturalization from 5 to 14 years. 

(2) First Alien Act. Authorized President to expel from U. S. 
such Aliens as he deemed dangerous to welfare of the 
country. 

(3) Second Alein Act. Authorized President to arrest and 
expel from U. S. in time of war, all unnaturalized aliens 
belonging to the country with which we were at war. 

1798 Sedition Laws- Made it a crime punishable by fine and imprison- 
ment to combine against the government, its officials or the en- 
forcements of its Laws or to write or speak anything that tended 
to bring the government into contempt. In force until 1801. En- 
forced several times. 

1801 Judiciary Act. Greatly enlarged the Judiciary for benefit of the 
Federalist office seekers. John Marshall appointed Chief Justice 
of Supreme Court under it. 

1807 Non Irmpcrtation Act. Pasred 1806. Did not go into effect until 
1807. Prohibited the Importation of certain specified goods from 
Great Britain or her colonies. 

1807 Emba'go Act. Prohibited the departure of any American ship for 
a foreign port and required coasting vessels to give heavy bond to 
land ther icargocs in the U. S. Caused great discontent in New 
England and was frequently violated. Was ruinous to American 
Merchant Marine. Repealed in 1809. 

1838 Enforcement of Force Ac: of 180S Prohibited the loading of any 

boat or vessel except by permit from the collector of the part and 
empowered the collector to seize all goods found in wagons going 
toward the coast or boundary line and to hold them uutil bonds 
were given that they would not be taken out of the country. The 
President was authorized to use the army, navy, and militia to en- 
force the Act. 

1809 Non-Int3Vcourse Act. Decreed Non-Intercourse with England and 
France only. But authorized President to suspend it for whichever 
of those two first abandoned her restrictions on our commerce. 

181 Mason's Bill No. 2. Repealed all restrictions on trade with England 
and France but authorized the President to replace them on one 
nation whenever the other removed its obnoxious decrees or orders. 

ICIG Tariff of 1816. 



78 * 

1820 Missouri Compromise. 

1821 Second Missouri Compromise. 
1828 Tariff of Abominations. 

1832 Tariff of 1832. 

1833 Force Bill. Authorized the President to use the army and navy 
to enforce the Laws of Congress. Directed against South Carolina. 

1833 Compromise Tariff of 1833. 

1837 Distribution of the Surplus. Authorized the "loaning to the states 
of $40,000,000 surplus in Federal Treasury." $28,000,000 was ac- 
tually so distirbuted. 

1840 Independent Treasury Act of the "Divorce Bill. Authorized com- 
plete divorce of national and private finances by the use of treas- 
uries, mints, etc., for the depositSt and payment of Federal money. 
Repealed under Tyler and repassed again in 1846. 

1842 Tariff of 1842. 

1846 Watkins Tariff. 

1846 Wilmot Proviso. Did not quite pass Congress. 

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. 

1865-66 Freedmans' Bureau Bill. 

1866 Civil Rights Bill. 

1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act. 
1867 Tenure of Office Act. 

1871 Two Force Acts or Ku Klux Acts. 

1873 Currency Act. Authorized the discontinuances of the standard sil- 
ver dollar of 412 grains and the coinage of the Lai-ger Trade Dol- 
lar of 420 grains. Known as "The Crime of 73". 

1875 Resumption of Specie Payments Acts. To go into effect in 1879. 
Authorized government to redeem all paper money in specie money. 

1878 Bland-Allison Bill. Provided that the Secretary of the Treasury 
was to buy not less that $2,000,000 or more than $4,000,000 worth 
of silver bullion each month and to coin it in Silver dollars at 
a ratio 16-1. 

1882 Edmunds Act. Provided that polygamy in the Territories should be 
punished by fine and imprisonment and that the persons convicted 
should be disfranchised. More than one thousand Mormons were 
sent to the penitentiary. 

1882 Civil Service Reform Act. Introduced by Senator Pendleton, was 
passed in 1883. It made merit the basis of advancement in Gov- 
ernment service instead of political affiliation. 

1886 Presidential Succession Act. Provided for the succession to the 
Presidency in the event of the death of both President and Vice- 
President. The order of succession is Secretary of State, Treasury, 
War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Navy, Interior, Agricul- 
ture, and Commerce and Labor. (Remember the word St. Wapniac 
each letter of which is the first letter of the Secretaries in oraer.) 

1887 Interstate Commerce Commission Act. Prohibited rebate pools, dis- 



79 

ei'iminatiohs by interstate Railroads. llate making powor was 
granted to Commission of Five members created to supervise exe- 
cution of the law. Commission could enforce decisions only 
through the courts. Powers greatly increased later. 

1887 Edmunds-Tucker Act. Dissolved the Mormon church as a corporate 
body and confiscated its property in excess of $50,000. In 1893 
President Harrison issued a prcolamation of amnesty to the Mor- 
mons and restored the confiscated property in view of the promise 
of the Mormons to renounce polygamy. 

1890 McKinley Tariff. 

•1890 Sherman Silver Act- Provided for the purchase each month of 
4,500,000 ounces to be paid for in Treasury notes which were to be 
redeemed in either Gold or Silver. After one year this silver 
might be stored in bullion and silver certificates issued against it. 

1893 Wilson-Gorman Tariff. 

1897 Dingley Tariff. 

1906 Pure Food Law. Set a standard for Foods and Drugs in the U. S. 

1907 Aldrich-Freeland Currency Bill. Permitted Banks to issue additional 
bank note currency on deposits; approved state, or couuty or mu- 
nicipal bonds with Treasury of U. S.> or by forming bank associa- 
tions with joint responsibility for these additional issues of Bank 
Notes. 

1909 Payne- Aldrich Tariff. 

1910 Postal Savings Bank Lawt 
1913 Owens-Underwood Tariff. 

1813 Owens-Glass Currency Bill. Federal Reserve System. 

1916 Army and Navy Increase Bills. 

1917 Adamson Law Provided for 8 hour day schedule of work on rail- 
roadsv 



80 

Amendments to the Constitution 

1791 First Ten Amendments adopted. Form the '■Bill of Rigrits" Oi the 
American Constitution, 

1798 Eleventh Amendment adopted- Provides that a State may not be 
sued by citizen of another State or of a foreign country. Came 
about as a result of the case of Chisholm vs. Georg;ia and Georgia's 
opposition to same. 

1804 Twelfth Amendment Provides for a separate vote for President 
and Vice-President. Came about as a result of the tie between 
Jefferson and Burr for the Presidency in 1801, 

1865 Thirteenth Amendment. First of the "War Amendments." Abol- 
ished slavery and made the negro free. 

1868 Fourteenth Amendment. Second "War Amendment-" Made the 
negro a citizen of the U. S. 

1870 Fifteenth Amendment. Third "War Amendment." Gave the ne- 
gro the right to vote. 

1913 Sixteenth Amendment. Gave Congress the power to l«vy an In- 
come Tax, 

1913 Seventeenth Amendment. Provides for the direct election of Sen- 
ators to Congress. 



CHIEF AMERICAN INVENTIONS 

L793 COTTON GIN— Eli Whitney- 

1807 STEAM BOAT— Robert Fulton. 

1834 MOWER and REAPER— Cyrus McCormiek, 

1835 REVOLVER— Colt. ■ 

1835 SCREW PROPELLOR— Ericsson. 

1837 ■ TELEGRAPH — Morse. First long di.stance line between Baltimore 

and Washington, 1844. 
1839 VULCANIZED RUBBER— Goodyear, 
1846 ETHER— Morton, 

1846 SEWING MACHINE— Elias Howe. 

1847 STEAM CLYINDER PRINTING PRESS— Hoe. 
1862 MONITOR-;John Ericsson. 

1868 AIR BRAKE — Westinghouse. 

1874 TYPEWRITER— Shole-Remington, 

1876 TELEPHONE— Bell. 

1879 INCADESCENT LIGHT— Edison. 

1854 ELECTRIC TROLLEY — Edison. First practical one Was in fticlTf- 

mond, Virginia, 1885, 
1890 PHONOGRAPH— Edison, 
1890-1900 WIRELESS TELEGRAPH Marconi. 
1900-1911 AEROPLANE- Wright Brothers. 



81 

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN THE UNITED STATES 

HARVARD — 1636 — ^Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

RUTGERS — 1770 — New Brunswick, New Jersey. 

WILLIAM and MARY — 1693 — Williamsburg:, Virginia. 

YALE — 1701 — New Haven, Connecticut. 

PRINCETON — 1746— Princeton, New Jersey. 

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY— 1802— West Point, New York 

UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY— 1845— Annapolis, Maryland. 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA— 1753 — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

COLUMBIA— 1754— New York. 

BROWN — 1764 — Providence, Rhode Island. 

DARTHMOUTH — 1769 — Hanover, New Hampshire. 



82 

important Financial Events In U. S. 

1789-91. Hamilton's Financial Plan. 

(1) Tariff. 

(2) Excise Tax. 

(3) Funding Bill. 

(4) Assumption Bill. 
|5) National Bank. 

The First National was chartered for 20 years, with a capital of 
$10,000,000 of which the government owned one-fifth. It lasted 
from 1791-1811. 

In 1789, before Hamilton's plant went into force the National 
debt was about .$56,000,000. In 1795 the Nationa' debt \va.-> 
$77,5000,000. Hamilton desired to establish the National credit 
by the increase of the National debt. 

1801-1809. Gallatin's Financial Policy. A policy of strict government 
economy. By greatly reducing the siiie of the Aimy r.nd Navy 
and the amount of civil expenditure by the Government. Gal- 
latin who was JeflPerson's Secretary of Treasury, reduced tiic 
National Debt from $83,000,000 in 1801 to $45,000 ;000 in 1800. 

1816-1836. Second National Bank. Chartered for twenty years with a 
capital of $35,000,000 of which the government owned one-fifth. 

1832-1837. Financial Events under Jackson's Administrations. 

(1) 1832 Jackson's veto of the Bill to renew the charter 

of the National Bank. 

(2) 1833 Removal of Deposits of Government money 

from National Bank. 

(3) 1836 Jackson's "Specie Circular" ordering the Gov- 

ernment land agents to accept only specie mon- 
ey or the notes of specie paying bankr in sales 
of the Western lands. 
(4)1837 Di.stribution of the Surplus. $28,000,000 ol' 
government's surplus distribute;! among the 
states. 
1840 Independent Treasury Act or Divorce Bill. Separated public and 
private finances forever. Provided for the present system of sub- 
treasuries in the principal cities for deposits of government funds. 
1863 National Banking Act. Passed during C^vil war to tecure a Feder- 
alized Banking rystem which would insure sale of Government 
bonds. Provides (1) that system be under control of the Comp- 
troller of Currency, (2) each bank had to deposit with the Comptroll- 
er before beginning business, national bonds equal to one third of 
its paid in capital, (3) .Each bank would then receive from Comp- 
troller bank notes equal in amount to ninety percent of the market 
value of the bonds deposited. These notes to be legal tender foi 
every thing except imports, (4) Capita' stock of each bank mu-t 



83 

not be less than $50,000, (5) Each bank must keep a cash reserve 
equal to fifteen percent of the amount of notes i.i circulation. ((>) 
Stockholders were liable for debts of the bank up to par value of 
the stock they held. 

This Law resulted in a more centralized uniform and regular bankin;,' 
cy&tem under Federal supervision and most state banks were brought 
under this Act. 

1873 Currency Law discounting the coinage of the standard r.'lver dol- 
lar and coining a larger trade dollar. "Crime of 73", 

1875 Resumption of Specie Payments Law. (See Laws). 

1878 Bland Allison Silver Act. 

1890 Sherman Silver Act. 

1900 Currency Act. Adoption of the gold standard in the U. S. 

1913 Aldrich-Vreeland Currency Bill. 

1913 Owens-Glass Currency Bill or Federal Reserve System- Provided 
for the creation of 12 Federal Reserve Districts in each ol v/hich 
was located a Federal Reserve Bank whose stockhoideis and cus- 
tomers were to be banks. The System to be supervised by Ihc 
Federal Reserve Board. National Banks had to become member;-. 
of this system and state banks maght do so. The Reserve bankr. 
were to be depositories, clearing houses and exchanges for the 
banks of its membership. And a N'ew Federal Resierve Bank Note 
was to be issued through this system which might be increased in 
times of stingency and so prevent a panic. This centralized the 
banking system, gives more Federal control over it, breaks up the 
former control exercised by the larger banks and practically will 
prevent financial stingencies. 

1 SSI -65. Federal War Finances, Methods of rais.ing finances were (1) 
Paper money. (2) Bonds. (3) Income Tax. (4) Direct Tax. 
(3) Increased Tariff Duties. (6) Increased Excise Duties. (7) 
Internal Taxes. Still the Federal War Debt was $3,000,000. 

Important Events In Foreign Affairs 

1793 Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. Said to be first formal 
declaration of neutrality in History. 

1793 Citizen Genet Incident. Resulted in recall of Genet by France. 

1797-1798. X. Y. Z. Affair. "Millions for defence, but not one cent fo?- 
tribute." This affair led to a naval war without declaration 
of war by either country. Between U. S. and France. Cap- 
tain Truston in the Constellation defeated and captured the 
Fren h frigates L'Insurgent and La Vengance and 54 French 
vessels were captured by other U. S. ships. 

1801-1805. War Wiih Tripoli. Lieut. Sommer? .in the "Intrepid" and 
Stephen Decatur in the "Philadelphia" Incidents. Tripoli 
forced to agree to let American ships alone. 



180G Berlin Decree. Isrued by Napoleon. Declared (1) Complete 

Blockade of British Isles. (2) All British property and all mer- 
chandise coming from Britain to be a prize of War. (3) Ports of 
France to be closed to all British sh.'ps. (4) Confiscation of ship^ 
attempting to evade the blockade of England. Isfapoleon ignored 
international rights here and had no fleet to enforce his blockade. 

1807 IB itish Orders ir. Couucil. Forbade neutral trade from port to 
port of France or her allies. Forbade neutral trade with entire 
European coast from Triste to Copenhagen unless ships first en- 
tered and cleared from British ports. 

i807 Milan Decree. Issued by Napoleon rn response to British orders 
in Council. Ordered seizure of all neutral ships which allowed 
themse'ves to be searched by England or which cleared from an 
English Harbor* 

1808 Bayonne Decree.* Issued by Napoleon to meet the Embargo Act of 
the U. S. Ordered the seizure of all Amer.^can vessels then in 
French ports. 

1810 Ramboullet Decree. Ordered confiscation of every ship that had 
entered a French port since the preceding May. $8,400,000 waS 
raised by Napoleon on the sa^e of American ships So seized. 

1823 Moni'oe Doctrine. Announced in President Monroe's Message to 
Congress in 1823. Caused by proposed intervention of "Holy Alli- 
ance" in South and Central American affairs. It declared (1) 
That U. S. would not interfere in European Affa.irs. (2) Nor with 
any recognized European colonies in America but that, (3) no 
hew European colonies should be planted in America. (4) That 
the tj. S. Would not "v.iew with indifference" an attempt by any 
European nation to reduce "an independent nation of North or 
South America to the condition of a colony." 

1835 Settlement by President Jackson of the "French Spoliation Claims" 
for $5,000,000. 

1835-1837. War for Texan Independence. 

(1) Large number of American settled in Texas 

(2) Texans opposed the Rule of Santa Anna. 

(3) Defeat of Mexican force at Gonzales. 

(4) Gallant defense of "The Alamo" by Travis. It^ 
fall after death of every one of its 150 defenders. 

(5) Texan Declaration of Independence 1836. A Pro- 
visional government with David G. Bennet as Pres- 
ident established. 

(6) Rout of Santa Anna's artny by Texans under Gen- 
Houston at San Jacinto. 

(7) Independence of Texas recognized by U. S. in 1837. 

(8) Texas annexed to U. S. 1845. 

1637 Caroline Affair. During the Canadian rebellion against England. 
1837-1838, a body of American sympathizers took possession of 



Navy Island in Miagra River and hired tlie steamer Caroline to car- 
ry arms and supplies. A party of British troops tried to seize tlie 
vessel and during the fight that ensued, ,it was set on fire and drift- 
ed over the falls. 

The incident was closed by an interchange of notes between U. S. 
and England. 

1853 Creole Acair. Creole was a slave ship carrying slaves between Nor- 
folk and New Orleans. The slaves arose, killed part of the crew, 
and took the vessel into British West /Indies to the port of Nassan. 
There they were arrested and several hanged by British authorities 
v/hile rest were released. The American government, claiming 
that the ship and crew should have been turned over to it, de- 
manded apology and indemnity which were finally granted in 1853. 

1854 Black Warrior Affair. The seizures of the American vessel, the 
Black Warrior, by the Cuban authorities almost led to war between 
U. S. and Spain. However, a prompt apology on Spain's part 
averted hostilities. 

1867 French in Mexico. Emperor Maxmiiian. The removal of French 
troops upon demand of Secretary of State Seward. Execution of 
Maxmiiian by Mexicans. 

1793 VIrginius' Affair. The Virginus, a filbustering ship, was taken 
by Spanish into Santiago and 53 of her passengers and crew 
were courtmartialed and shot in spite of the protests of the French, 
English and Americans consuls. War between U. S. and Spain 
seemed imminent. But Spain handed over the ship and its sur- 
viving passengers and crew to U. S. while investigation showed that 
her American registry was false. Spain, however, paid $80,000 to 
be distributed among relatives of the Americans shot. 

1887-1889. Samoan Incident. Conflicting treaties between U. S., Eng- 
land, Germany, and Somoa led to quarrels over rights on the Is- 
lands so a joint British, American and German Commission at 
Washington established a joint regency of the three countries ov- 
er the Islands. German activities there renewed the quarrel 
and war seemed immenent in 1889 when a great hurricane pre- 
vented a naval Battle between the three countries in the harbor 
at Apia. Finally in 1900, a division was affected whereby U. S. 
got Tutuila and Gei-many the remain dei-. 

1891 Mafia Incident. The acquittal, by means of bribery of ^nine Ital- 
ian members of Mafia, an Italian Secret Society, accused of nu- 
merous murders ^o aroused public opinion in New Orleans that a 
mob attacked the jail and killed eleven Italian ,'prisoners. The 
Italian government demanded apology an didemnty and to restore 
good relations, $25,000 was paid to the families of the deceased. 

1892 Behring Sea Controversy. The U. S. claimed the Behring Sea to 
be a closed Sea and that the seals there were entirely 
under its control. Ca: adian sealers vi^ere seized and Eng- 



8G 

land vigorously protested. The question was decided by Arbi- 
tration at Paris in 1893. The decision was against the United 
States and we had to pay damages, but regulated seal fishing in 
the Bering Sea resulted. 
1891-92 Vaip.iso incidcm.. jiuch hard feeling against the U. S. exist^ad 
in Chile on account of our supposed interference and partianship 
during the Chiiiaii j :>i. So in Oct. 1892, a mob 

attacked the sailors from the U. S. S. "Baltimore" on shore leave 
in Valparaiso and two were killed and nineteen wounded. After 
some delay Chile complied with American demands and paid 
$25,000 to families of the American victims. 
1893 Hawaian Annexation defeated by President Cleveland. 
1895 Venezuela Boundary Dispute. The refusal of England to arbtirate 
with Venezuela over the disputed boundary line between Venezuela 
and British Guiana led Cleveland to apply the Monroe Doctrine to 
the affair and to order a Comniission to investigate the rival claims. 
After some delay England conceded to arbitration which averted a 
crisis. England received practically all of the disputed territory. 

1900 Boxer Rebellion. Chinese Society known as the Boxers stirred up 
unrest in China against foreigners and foreign methods. Attacks 
were made on the Foreign embassies in Pekin and the German Min- 
ister was killed. Allied intervention and capture of Pekin by prin- 
cipal nations, among them the U. S., resulted. Large idemndties and 
maintenance upon the insistance of Sec. of State Hay, of the "Open 
Door" policy in China was the result. 

1900-1902 Philippine Insurrsction under Aquinaldo. American occupa- 
tion. Capture of Aquinaldo and Philippines resistance was 
broken. 

1901 Piatt Amendment- Attached as an amendment to the Army appro- 
priation Bill of 1901. Govern our relations with Cuba. Declares 
(1) that no foreign power shall be given a footing in Cuba. (2) 
That Cuba shall not acquire debts in excess of her ability to pay. 
(3) That U. S. may intervene to preserve order and republican 
government and to enforce payment of debts. (4) That Cuba 
continue the sanitary reforms started by the Americans. (5) That 
U. S. retain Isle of Pines and naval stations in Cuba. 

\903 Panama Incident. The refusal of Columbia to sign a treaty with 
U. S. for the construction of the Panama Canal led the Panaman- 
ians to a revolution. Encouragement was received from the United 
States and when the Revolution was declared the activities and the 
presence of our warships there showed Columbia that Panama could 
not be subdued without fighting the United States. Shortly after 
its organization, the U. S. recognized the Republic of Panama and 
the Hay-Bunan-Varilla Treaty resulted. Columbia greatly resented 
our part in this affair. 

1906-1909 American Reoccupatiorf r,f Cuba due to a Revolution tiicro. 



87 

1905 Treaiy of Portsmouth Between Russia and Japan signed at PoroS- 

mouth, N. H., due to efforts of President Roopevelt to end Rus.^o- 
Japanese War. 
IDC7 American Racoive/ AppoinloJ by President Roosevelt at request 
of Santa Domingo to handle and manage the financess of the Island. 
1911-16 Revolution in Mexico. In 1911 Diaz was forced to abdicate by 
Madero who was himself overthrown and shot in 1913 by Gen. 
Huerta. Huerta assumed the Presidency only to face an immediate 
revolt under Carranza. President Wilson refused to recognize 
either government. In 1914, difficulties forced the U. S. to oc- 
cupy Vera Cruz. The A. B. C. Meditation Board consisting of 
representatives of Argentine, Brazil and Chile met at Niagra 
Falls and did much to prevent war. Huerta then left Mexico 
and Carranza assumed control. The U. S. withdrew from Vera 
Cruz. But in 1916, the raid of Villa, a bandit opposing Carran- 
za, on Columbia, New Mexico led to a mobilization of troops 
and the National Guard on the Border and Pershing's "Flying 
Squadron" invaded Mexico in an unsuccessful pursuit of Villa. 
Then the American troops were withdrawn and President Wilson 
recognized the Carranza Government. 
1917 War with Germany. The Ameracan protests against German sub- 
marine war resulted in the German promise in the Essex Case ic 

1916 in which Germany agreed to alleviate her submarine war- 
fare while consideration of Peace were going on but reserved the 
right to assume them again on the failure of Peace efforts. So in 

1917 a German Proclamation announcing an unrestricted U-Boat 
warfare in the Prohibited Zone around the Allies was issued to take 
effect Feb. 1, 1917. President Wilson called an extra session of 
Congress, broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. The Pres- 

T idents speech requesting War with Germany was made on April 3. 

and on April 7, 1917 Congress declared that war existed by an act 
of Germany. This was followed by the visits of the British, French 
and English Commissions to U. S. and of the American mission to 
Russia, the Registration of all males in U. S. between the ages of 
21-31 and the arrival of Major General Pershing and Staff in France. 



Political Parties in U. S. 

FIRST PARTIES- Political parties originated in U. S. with the fight 
for the adoption of the Constitution. The "Federalists" so called from the 
political pamphlet, "The Federalist" to which Hami'ton, Jay and Madison 
were chief contributors and which advocated the adoption of the consti- 
tution, were in favor of the constitution while the "Anti-Federalist" op- 
posed its adoption. The "Federalists" won and under their direction and 
the leadershsip of Washington, Hamilton and Adams the government was 



organized and a policy favoring a sti'ong centralized government and "loose" 
construction of the constitution was modified. The "Anti-FederaJists" op- 
posed the centralized government idea and favored "strict" construction of 
the constitution. Jefferson and Madison were tljeir leaders. During 
Adams administration, the Federalist party began to decline because of 
the unpopularity of Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts and in 1801, 
the "Rcjiubilf.cans" fcimerly known as "Anti-Federalists" came into power 
under the leadership of Jefferson. This was the first great democratic 
period and is known as Jeffersonian Democracy. The "Federalists" con- 
tiucd to decline and their opposition to the war of 1812 marked their death 
knell as a political party though they did not completely disappear uutil 
"The Era of Good Feeling" under Monroe, which period is the cnly one in 
U. S. History without party conflict. 

1822 caw the rise of the National Republican party led by Henry Clay 
and favoring protective Tariff, pubMc improvements by Central Government 
which policy known as the American System, and loose construction of the 
constitution. This party was opposed by the "Democrats" (formorlv the 
Republican Party) under the leaedrship of Jackson who had established the 
second great period, Great Period of Democracy known as Jacksonian 
Democracy. In 1831 the Antimasonic party which has originated in 1828. 
and was the third party at this time, held the First National 
Nominating Convention at Baltimore in 1831 and nominated William Wirt, 
for President and Amos Ellmaker for Vice President. So ended the caucus 
nominations in U. S. Party organization was perfected a tthis time along 
with the Spoils System and the National Republicans in 1832 adopted the first 
National party platform. 

The "Abolitionist" Party was originated by Wm. Lloyd Garrison in 
1831 as the first Anti Slavery Society. Those abolitionists believing in 
political activity organized the "Liberty" Party in 1837 which demanded 
policical action against slavery and its spread. In 1840, James K. Buney 
ran as presidential candidate of the Liberty party and received 7,000 votes. 

In the election of 1840, the "Whig Party" formerly the National Re- 
publican party, elected Harrison as President and in 1848 put Zachary 
Taylor in the Presidents chair but the compromise of 1850 proved its death 
blow. For a while it seemed as if the "Know Nothing or American Party" 
a secret political party formed to oppose the activities of foreigners par- 
ticularly the Irish, in politics, would take the place of the Whig Party but 
while it won local successes in New England and the middle states it soon 
prove to be the old Whig Party in disguise and in 1856 Fillmore its Pres- 
idential candidate carried only one state. So the Whig party had passed 
away. 

The "Free Soil" party was organized in 1848 by the 'Barnburners" a 
reform element of the New York Democratic Party who had bolted from 
the regular party organization, and by the various other anti slavery par- 
ties such as the Liberty Party and the Liberty League, Anti Slavery, 
Whigs, and Democrats. Their convention which met at Buffalo 1848, nom- 



89 



dent and advocated that territories be devoted to freedom (Wilmot Provisio) 
and that public lands be distributed free to actual settlers. Their partici- 
pation in the election of 1848 split New York's vote and allowed Taylor 
to win over the Democrats. 

The Republican party arose on account of the dissatisfaction in the 
West over the Kansas Nebraska Act. First formed at Ryson, Wis., 1854, 
and first state convention held at Jackson, Michigan, 1854. Other states 
follcv/ed suit and to this new party flocked all voters opposed to slavery 
and its extension. Party organized nationally at its first National conven- 
tion in Pittsburg and Fremont was nominated for Presidency in 1856. 
Party favored protection, internal improvements and congressional con- 
trol of territories. Elected its second candidate, Abraham Lincoln in 
1860 to Presidency. Sewald, Sumner, Greeley, Lincoln ch'ef leaders. 

"Constitutional Union Party" was formed as a compromise party by 
certain of the Whigs and Know Nothings and others not ready to take 
a decided stand on slavery and declared themselves in favor of the Con- 
stitution and Union. Nominated E. C. Bell of Tennessee as candidate 
in 1860. Died out after the election. 

The Republican pai'ty remained in power during the war, despite 
certain violent opposition by the Democrats to the war and its conduct. 
The name "copperheads" was applied to these Democrats. By 1872 how- 
ever, a reform element headed by Carl Scharz and Gratz Brown had aris- 
en which demanded Civil Service reform and a milder policy toward the 
South. Greely was the candidate of this element in 1872 and the Dem- 
ocrats supported him but Grant was easily elected President by regular 
Republicans. Another spKt in the Republican party came with the insti- 
tution by Pres. Hayes of a mild policy towards the South and of a policy 
of reform. The old radical republicans termed Hayes and his followers 
"Half Breeds" while they adopted the term "Stalwarts" for themselves. 

Meanwhile in 1867 the"Patrons of Industry" had been organized in 
the western states among thei Farmei-s to secure co-operation and to fight 
I'.gainst unjust R. R. rates. This movement developed into the 'Granger" 
party which became strong in the western states in the seventies. 

The Greenback party originated in 1876 and demanded fir::t money and 
'he issuing of large amounts of paper money. Peter Cooper was candi- 
date for President in 1886 and in 1878 party elected several members to 
Congress and cast 1,000,000 votes and forced the Bland-Allison act estab 
lishing free coinage of silver, through congress and then rapidly declined 
as a party. This silver movement arose over the demand of the silver 
mine owners and of the western people for more money and had three 
phases (1) Bland-Allison Act, 1878, (2) Sherman Act, 1890, (3) Bryan 
and 16-1 in 1896. An outgrowth of the Granger and Silver parties was 
the "Populis or Peoples Party" which arose between 1889-1892 on account 
of the economic duties among the Western and Southern Farmers. They 
demanded free coinage of silver, increased issue of Paper money, income 
Tax and government ovvoiership of railroad and telegraph lines. Nominat- 
ed Gen. J. B. Weaver as Presidential candidate in 1892, but joined Demo- 



§0 

inated Van Buren for Pre-sident and Clias. Francis Adams for Vice Presi- 
cratic party in 1S96 and supported Bryan. 

The Progressire or "BxiII Moose" Party arose over the dissatisfaction 
of certain Republicans Trith the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 and with 
President's Taft's administration. Sen. La FoUette of Wicsonsin was the 
leader, but he \ras backed by Sens. Doliiver and Cummingrs of Iowa. 
Clapp of Minn-. Bonme of Oregon and Beveridgre of Indiana in Senate 
while the Party secured some strensrth in the House. In the election of 
1912. the Progressive element bolted the Regular Republican Convention 
and nominated Theodore Roosevelt. However, in election of 1916. they 
returned to the regrular Republican Party- 



Miscellaneous 

Oldest Town in the U. S, St. Au^a=tir.e, 156S, 

First Permanent newspaper in U. S. ■5ra3 the Boston Neisi Letter e=- 
■.<ibl:£hed in 1704. 

Freedom of the Press was established in U. S. ia 1735 in the case of 

Peter Zer.g^er. the publisher of the Ne'sr Y-^rt Weeklv J^urrL&l. in Xe^ 
York. 

Tbe Period Between The Yeiri 1630-1640 ^a= the Peri-vi of Pxrltari 
Migration to the Colonies, 

The Great Aw^lcenlng wras a great re-igtoz^ r-r'^Ta- ^nich S's-ept 
through the Colonies during the vears 174'1'-1T^0 -itie to the actrrtties of 
Jonathan Edwards and Whiteield- The app-earance of the iletho-iist 
Church and the organizarlcr. of the .Ajnerican Lutheran Cntireh were re- 
sults of this movanent. 

Salem Witchcraft Incident, at Salem, ilass.. was cie to a stidcen. and 

aged the belief in witches, ilanv innocent p-eople were acct;s<d and b-af ore 
the panic was over 19 p-ersons had been hangei and one pressor to ceatn. 

Discovery of Gold in California. On Jaru 24, 15-=* go.t was Ct=co"r- 
cred in Sutters mill race at Colonia. California. This caoseo an nmnense 
rush of gold seekers to California. The name "Fortv-Niners'' was ap^ 
plied to those gold hunters going over-and ct tne eara~:i' r:itrs 

"Bine Laws," the name applied to the irst laws o: '.-.z 7 --t :: .-■ 
Colony, because they were issued in blue paper covers. ~ ' - - - t 

rigid enactments again -t. every sccial vice, as well as for ;: - t, . _: - 
and revealed the stemess of Puritan chracter an.d morals. 

Patroon was the honorary titie of any rr - r T .::'- ^t^: Ir- 
dia Company who bound himself to take o* . _--:.._. 
emigrants to New Xetberiand- The T-/:: \ _- . t- r t 

frontage on a navigable river an4 absolu:^ z: -.: ^ ^: '.^r.s 

The National Flag, adopted by CongtT: l-te 14, 1777. •was of 
thirteen strip-es alternate red and white ~::- : - _.:::n crrrl-^nr :f thir- 
teen white stars on a field of blue, 1: f drst t:-: _ :.- :. no- 
tary poss was at Fort Schuyler (Stanwts;, 17 77. 7 ^ 7 . .. 1 ::^ - 
Paul Jones, was probable the first naval ve^^l to dii: _ -^ 7_. 7.. 
unfurled in Battle of Brandywine, 1777. 

Writs of Assistance were general warrants a^:- r -'- ^ --z 

house ofiBcers to enter any man's house in. search : f _ . 

Electorial Coa:=iissicn (1877), consisted :: - t 7 - 

Senators, and nve Judges of the Supreme Cu:r:. ^:- :r ; - 

settle tha controversy between Hayes ant 77. i^- ; t.- --.- -.-_.:— ;: 1-76. 
Each party claimed success and accused :tT ;:tfr ;t ir^_i. 7::; tu^s^ioii 
was left to the commission, which decided in favor of Hayes. 

Peacs Convention, called by Virginia, met at Washi-rt:- ;n Ferruary 



92 

4, 1861. Twenty-one states were represented but none of the seceded 
states sent delegates. Its purpose was to effect a compromise, but noth- 
ing was accomplished. 

Undarground Railway, the name applied to the line of houses between 
the South and Canada where runaway slaves were assisted in making 
their escape to Canada. 

Trent Affair (1861). Mason and Slidell were appointed by the Con- 
federate government to secure the aid of England and France. They em- 
bar.ved at Havana on the British mail steamer Trent. Captain Wilkes 
of the San Jacinto followed the Trent and taking off the Confederate en- 
voys, brought them back to the United States. The United States Gov- 
ernment disavov/ed this act and returned the prisoners. For a time the 
matter threatened to bring us into trouble with England. 

Leopard-Chesapeake Affair (1807. — The British frigate Leopard, by 
order of Vice-Admiral Berkeley, stopped the Chesapeake, Captain Barron, 
and forcibly removed four sailors whom they claimed as deserters. One 
of them was hanged. This was one of the causes of the War of 1812. 

First Railroad in U. S. was the Baltimore and Ohio from Baltimore 
to the west. Started in 1828. Steam locomotive brought from England 
for it in 1829. By 1832, it extended 73 miles from Baltimore and was 
equipped with steam locomotives capable of making fifteen miles an hour. 

The First Transcontinental Railroad was the Union Pacific completed 
in 1869. 

The Eiie Canal. Completed in 1825, after eight years work. Ex- 
tended from Albany to Buffalo, a disatnce of 363 miles. Dewitt Clinton 
was its chief projector. Was the first great canal in U. S. Opened a 
gateway through New York to the West and greatly aided as well as re- 
duced the cost of transportation to the West. 

The First Successful Atlantic Cable was laid in 1866 through the ef- 
forts of Cyrus W. Fields. 

Daniel Boone explored the Middle West and settled Boonesboro. Ken- 
tucky (1775). 

Sir Samuel Argall, Deputy Governor of Virginia, 1617-1619. Broke up 
Jesuit settlement on Mt. Desert Island and plundered and burned Port Royal 
Nova Scotia. 

Sir Edmund Andros. 1674. appointed Governor of New York; 1680. 
deposed Carteret and seized government of East Jersey; 1686, made Gov- 
ernor of New England; 1688, New York and New Jersey were put under his 
jurisdiction; 1689, deposed and sent to England for trial. His personal 
character was irreproachable but in public life he was a tyrant. Made Gov- 
ernor of Virginia in 1692, and became popular there. 

Sir John Berkley and Sir George Carteret were the proprietors of New 
Jersey, appointed by the Duke of York. ^ 

Edward Braddock commanded disastrous expedition against Fort Du- 

quesne (1775). 

Nathaniel Bacon, young lawyer of Virginia, who raised a force of men 



93 

to repel Indian attacks, against the wishes of Governor Berkley. The Gov-^ 
ernor proclaimed him a rebel and in the civil virar that followed Jamestown 
was burned and Berkley fled. Bacon died soon afterward. 

George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore. Settled in New Foundland, 1627 
In 1632, received grant of Maryland from Charles I. Died that year. 

Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore. The charter for Maryland 
granted to his father was issued to Cecil Calvert. He did not visit America. 

Leonard Calvert, brother of Cecil Calvert, and first Governor of Mary- 
land. 

William Claybourne, under authority of Charles I (1631), established 
i\ trading post on Kent Island, near Annapolis. The Calverts claimed the 
island and civil war ensued. The Calverts were driven out of Maryland 
for a time but their possessions were finally restored to them. 

Richard Dale entered Continental navy in 1776 as midshipman; was 
lieutenant of the Bonhomme Richard and was wounded in the battle with 
the Serapis; commanded the squadron sent to the Mediterranean in 1801; 
resigned, 1802. 

Sir Thomas Dale was one of the Colonial Governors of Virginia. 

Lord Delaware was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1609. He built 
Forts Charles and Henry at the mouth of the James River. 

John Endicott, acting Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629- 
1630, served several terms as Governor later. Persecuted Quakers and 
Catholics. 

Anne Hutchison, religious enthusiast. Stirred up controversy in the 
church and was banished from Massachusetts. Went to Rhode Island and 
later to New York, where she was murdered by Indians. 

Ferdinando Gorges, obtained grant of territory now New Har^ipshire 
and Maine. Was instrumental in forming the Plymouth Company. 

James M. Mason, of Virginia, was author of I^ugitive Slave Law and one 
of the Confederate commissioners seized on the Trent. 

John Mason, Governor of Newfoundland (1616) and founder of New 
Hampshire. 

Peter Minuit, born in Germany, was appointed Governor of New Neth- 
erlands (1625-1631). Led the first Swedes to Delaware. 

Montcalm, commander of French at battle of Quebec, 1759. Defeated 
and killed. 

James Oglethorpe, an English officer to whom George III granted Geoi"- 
gia as a refuge for debtors; settled Savannah in 1733. 

Cotton Mather, son of Increase Mather, a noted clergyman and writer 
of colonial times. Strong believer in witchcraft. 

George Popham attempted settlement in Maine, 1607. Unsuccessful. 

William Penn, born in England in 1644. Became a Quaker, and in 
1691 received a grant of land fi;om Charles II whch he desired as an asylum 
for his persecuted brethren. This grant was called Pennsylvania in honor 
of Penn's father and under his vidse and just rule became one of the most 



94 

flourishing colonies. 

Captain John Smith, who gained fame as a soldier in the Netherlands 
and Turkey was persuaded by Gosnold to join the Virginia colony. He sailed 
with Capta.in Newport in 1606 and on his arrival in Virginia, it was found 
that he was one of the counselors of the colony. Later he assumed entire 
charge of the colony and save it from failure. He explored the Chesapeake 
and the New England coast and made a map of the latter. 

Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, was born in Wales. Driven 
out of Massachusetts on account of his liberal views on religion, he fled to 
the head of the Narrangansett Bay and founded Providence, 1636. He 
^:ecured a charter for Rhode Island in 1644 and 1654 was elected Governor of 
the colony. 

James Wolfe a&sisted in the capture of Louisburg (1758) and defeated 
Montcalm in the battle of Quebec, 1795. Killed in this battle. 

Sir George Yeardley, Governor of Virginia, called the first Colonial 
Assembly, 1619. 

Benedict Arnold, military officer, born in Connecticut. Assisted Mont- 
gomery at Quebec 1775-1776; relieved Fort Schuyler 1777; fought in bat- 
tle of Saratoga, 1777; commander at Philadelphia, 1778; tried to betray 
his country dn 1780; commanded a marauding expedition in Virginia in 1781. 

John Andre, British malitary officer, who negotiated with Arnold for 
surrender of West Point. Captured and hanged as a spy. 

Louis Duportail, French milatary officer, who fought in the Revolution 
iind was directing engineer at the siege of Yorktown. 

Count d'Estaing commanded a French fleet during the Revolution but 
accomplished nothing. He was to cooperate in the attack on Newport and 
again *in the attack on Savannah but abandoned both contests. 

Count de Grasse commanded the French fleet at Yorktown. 

John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was one of the most active of the 
"Sons of Liberty," and was outlawed by General Gage. As President of 
Congress, he was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence. In 
*1778, he took part in Sullivan's campaign in Rhode Island. 

Baron de Kalb, was born in Bavaria in 1721. He became a brigadier- 
general in the French army nad accompanied Lafayette to America. Re- 
ceived commission as a major-general in the Continental army and served 
under Washington until 1728. He was killed in the battle of Camden. 1780. 

General Frances Marion was leader of a partisan corps in the Revolu- 
tion and harassed the British in the South. 

Israel Putnam fought with distinction in the French and Indiali War. 
In the Revolution he took part in the battles of Bunker HiJl and Long Island 
He served in the Hudson Highlands and West Connecticut until 1789, when 
he was retired on account of paralysis. 

Rufus Putnam, a cousin of Israel Putnam, served in the French and 
Indian War. He was an engineer in the Revolution and constructed the 
.•lege w-ork at Dorchester Heights and the fortifications at West Point 



9n 

Aided in quelling Shay's Rebellion, and founded Marietta, Ohio. 

Count de Rochambeau commanded the French army in America and as- 
sisted in the siege of Yorktown. 

Baron Von Stueben, born in Prussia, was on the staff of Frederick the 
Great in the Seven Years' War. He came to America in 1777 and wa;-. 
made inspector-general of the Continental army. He introduced thorough 
discipline and prepared a manual of tactics which -was approved by Congress. 
Fought at Monmouth, commanded in Virginia in 1781, and assisted at 
Yorktown. 

Anthony Wayne took a distinguished part in the battles of Brandy- 
wine, Germantown, and Monmouth; captured Stony Point in 1779; served 
with Lafayette in Virginia in 1781. In 1793 and 1794 he subdued the 
Indians of the Northwest. 

Benjamin West (1738-1820), one of the most famous of American 
painters. Succeeded Sir Joshua Reynolds as President of the Royal Acad- 
emy. Introduced realism in historical painting. 

John Marshall, born in Virginia 1755. Distinguished jurist. Served 
in Revolution; special envoy to France under Adams; member of Congress, 
1799; Secretary of War and Secretary of State, 1800-1801; Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court, 1801-1835. Known as the "second maker" of the 
Constitution. 

George Bancroft, born in Massachusetts, 1800. Distinguished histo- 
ian. Wrote "History of the United States." While Secretary of the Navy 
under Polk, he established the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and gave the 
order to take possession of California, which was done by the Navy. Per- 
formed distinguished service ar. the representative of the United States in 
England, Prussia, and Germany. 

John Brown, born in Connecticut, emigrated to Kansas and settled near 
Ossawatomie. In 1856, he kil'ed a number of Missouri slavery men in cold 
blood and made raids into Missouri to liberate slaves. In 1859, with eigh- 
teen followers, he seized the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He 
was captured by marines under Colonel R. E. Lee and convicted of treason 
and murder. 

Aaron Burr, Vice-President of the United States, served in the Revolu- 
tionary War. From 1791-1797, he served in the United States Senate and 
in 1800 he became Vice-President of the United Stateso in 1804, he kill- 
ed Alexander Hamilton in a duel; after his term as Vice-President he went 
west and organized an expedition to form a settlement in New Mexico. Be- 
ing suspected of a design to break up the union, he was arrested and tried 
on a charge of treason but was acquitted. 

Harman Blennerhasset, a wealthy Irish scholar, who settled on an is- 
land in the Ohio River near Marietta. Became interested in Burr's colozi- 
nation scheme and as a result was financially ruined. 

J. Fenimore Cooper, bom in New Jersey, 1789. wrote thirty-two vol- 
umes of fiction, the most famous of which were the Leatherstocking Tales. 
Wrote also a History of the United States Navy, and Lives of American Na- 



96 

val Officers. 

Henry Clay, born in Virginia, 1777, died, 1852, one of the greatest 
American statesmen. Served as United States Senator and Representative 
(Speaker five times); commissioner to Great Britain, 1814; Secretary of 
State under John Adams; and v^ras twice a candidate for the Presidency. 
l<'avored War of 1812. His most Important measures were the Tariff 
Compromise of 1832 and' the Omnibus Bill of 1850. The credit of the 
Missouri Compromise is sometimes given to him. 

John C. Calhoun, born in South Carolina; celebrated statesman; mem- 
ber of Congress, 1811-1817; urged Madison to declare war, 1812; Secretary 
of War under Monroe; Vice-President of the United States, 1825-1833; 
served a-so as Senator and Secretary of State. Favored state s rights and 
urged the nullification of the tariff by South Carolina in 1832. 

Lewis and Clark, in 1804-1806, starting from St. Louis, explored the 
Louisiana Purchase, going as far as the mouth of the Columbia River. They 
brought back the first definite information regarding the acquired territory 
and confirmed our claim to the Oregon Territory. 

Captain James B. Eads, in 1874, completed the steel bridge across the 
Mississippi at St. Louis. In 1879, he completed the jetties along the Mis- 
sissippi, by means of which the force of the current is increased and the 
channel deepened, making the "South Pass" navigable. 

John C. Fremont, born in Georgia in 1813. Explored the Far West 
from 1837-1846; assisted in the conquest of California, and was appointed 
its military governor; in 1856, was first candidate of the present Republi- 
can party for President; served in Civil War until 1862, when he resigned 
his commission ; became active in promoting the construction of a trans- 
continental railway. Called the "Pathfinder." 

Alexander Hamilton was born in the West Indies in 1757, and educated 
at King's College (Columbia) in New York. He rendered distinguished 
service in the Revolution, and after 1781 studied law and became a leader 
of his profession. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 
1787. With the aid of Madison and Jay, he wrote the series of essays in 
favor of the Constitution which bears the name of "The Federalist." Serv- 
ed as Secretary of Treasury under Washington and was the founder of the 
financial system of the republic. On the death of Washington, he was made 
commander-in-chief of the provisional army raised when war with France 
seemed pobable. Killed in duel with Aaron Burr. 

John Jay was born in New York. Delegate to first Continental Con- 
gress; commissioner to Great Britain to negotiate Treaty of Paris; first 
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court; negotiated treaty with 
Great Britain, 1795 (See Jay's Treaty) ; Governor of New York, 1795-1801, 
when slavery was abolished in that state. 

James Gadsden served in War of 1812 and in the Seminole War. In 
1853 he was minister to Mexico and negotiated the treaty known as the 
"Gadsden Purchase." 

John Randolph, of Virginia (1773-1753), served in Congress and the 



97 

Senate from 1799 to 1829; advocated state supremecy but opposed many 
other measures of his party; fought duel with Henry Clay in 1826; Ameri- 
can Minister to Russia in 1831. 

Edmund Randolph, 1853-1813, of Virginia, took an important part m 
the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in which he introduced the '"Virginia 
Plan." Served as Secretary of State and Attorney General. 

Peyton Randolph, 1723-1775, was President of the first Continental 
Congress. 

Winfield Scott, of Virginia entered the army in 1808 as captain of ar- 
tillery. Sei-ved with distinction in Canada in the War of 1812 and con- 
quered Mexico in six months in 1847. Was Whig candidate for Presidency 
in 1852. Retired in 1861. 

Daniel Webster, great stateman and lawyer was born in New Hamp- 
shire 1792 and died 1852. Served in Congress, the Senate, and as Secre- 
tary of State. His most important orations and debates were on the sub- 
ject of slavery and state's rights. 

Brlngham Young, second President of the Mormon Church, led the Mor- 
mons from Illinois to Utah, and transformed that territory from a desert to 
a paradise. 

John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln, April 14, 1865, 

Charles J. Guiteau, assassinated President Garfield; July 2; 1881. 

William T. Sherman, born in Ohio; graduated at West Point, 1840; 
served in Seminole War; (for his part in the Civil War, see "Battles of the 
Civil War" in this outline) ; succeeded Grant as general in the army. 

Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War during the Civil War, and for a 
time under President Johnson. His removal by Johnson in violation of the 
Tenure of Office Act led to the impeachment of the latter. 

John G. Whittier (1807-1892), famous New England poet and ardent 
abolitionist. Wrote "Snow Bound." 

Leon Czolgosz assassinated President McKinley, September 5, 1901. 

James G. Blaine, orator and statesman, was born in Pennsylvania, but 
moved to Maine with which state he was thereafter identified. He served 
in the House of Representatievs from 1863-1876 and in the Senate from 
1876-1881. He was several times a candidate for the Presidency and re- 
ceived the nomination in 1884. Served as Secretary of State under Gar- 
field and under Harrison. He was famous for his Pan-American schemes 
and doctrines of reciprocity. Universally known as the "Plumed Knight." 

Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain), celebrated American humorist. 
Most famous works — "Innocents Abroad," "Huckleberry Finn," and "Tom 
Sawyer." Born in Missouri. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), celebrated lecturer and essayist of 
Massachusetts. Was leader of the transcendental school of New England. 

Cyrus W. Field (1819-1892) laid the first cable across the Atlantic 
in 1866. 

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864), American novelist. Most popular 
works — ^"The Scarlet Letter" and the "House of Seven Gables." 



James Russell Lowell, poet and diplomat. United States Minister to 
Spain, 1877-1880; and Minister to Great Britain, 1880-1885. 

Robert E. Lee, 1807-1870, born in Virginia and educated at West Point 
Served with distinction in the Mexican War. For his part in the Civil War, 
see "Civil War." After the war he became President of V/ashinpton Collct^c 
which office he held until his death. 

Maximilian, archduke of Austria, in 1864 landed in Mexico and assum- 
ed the crown of Mexico as Maximilian I, being supported in his claim by- 
Napoleon III and the French army. After the Civil War, Napoleon was in- 
formed that the Monroe Doctrine would be upheld and he withdrew his 
troops leaving Maximilian to his fate. Maximilian and two of his generals- 
were captured and shot in 1867. 

Robert E. Peary, born in Pennsylvania, 1856; educated at Bowdoin Col- 
lege; appointed civil engineer in the United States navy, 1881; assistant 
engineer Nicaragua ship canal, 1884; made a number of voyages to the po- 
lar regions, on the last of which he discovered the North Pole. 

Philip H. Seridan, born in Albany, New York; educated at West Point j 
served with much credit in Texas and Oregon ; the most dashing cavalry 
leader of the Federal forces in the Civil War, chiefly celebrated far his 
raid on the Shenandoah Valley. Was the third and ^ast general of the 
army. (Name his most important battles). 



Summary of States 



^ 



No.: 



8tat:;s 



Date ot I 

j Admission I 

I Into the i 

' Union i 



1 
2 
3 

4 

o 

<5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 
15 



17 
18 
19 
'20 
21 
22 
23 
24 



Delaware 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

Georgia 

Ccnnocticut 

Massachusetts _ _ 

Mr.ryland 

Soutli Ca.rolina__ 
New Hrimpshire- 

Virginia 

New York 

North Carolina- _ 
Rhod-^ Island ___ 



Vermont . 
Kc.tvrky 

in i Tennc 3eo 



Ohio 

Lcuisiar.t; 

Indiana 

Misoissippi 

IlMucis __ 

Alobpma 

Maine 

Misscuri 



No. 




States 



Dato of 
admission 
Into the 

Union 



Arkansas 1836 

MichigaH . 1837 

Flcrida . 1845 

Texas 1845 

Iowa 1846 

Wisconsin 1848 

California y | 1850 

Minnesota I 1858 

Oregon | 1859 

Kansas | 1861 

West Virgima j 1863 

Nevada 1 1864 

Nebraska .-, 1867 

Colora ) . . 187-; 

North Dakota ] 1889 

South Dakota | 1889 

Montana j 1889 

Washington ] 1889 

Idaho j 1890 

Wyoming | 1890 

Utah ] 1890 

Oklahoma ] 1907 

New Mexico | 1912 

Arizona i 1912 



1 Date of ratification of the Const Uition. 



100 

IMPORTANT PERSONAGES IN U. S. HISTORY 

(The Student will vnd accounts of the activities of these personages in 
the Foot Notes in Adams and Trent History of the U. S.) 

I. EXPORERS. 

ColuniDus 

De Bienville 

John and Sebastian Cabot 

Americas Vespucius 

Bnlboa 

Magellan 

I'once de Leon ■ ' 

Caitier 

Francis Drake 

Walter Raleigh 

Champlain 

John Smith - 

Henry Hudson 

La Salle 

II. IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN COLONIAL HISTORY 1 

John Smith 

Pocahontas 

John Endicott 

John Winthrop 

Sir John Harvey 

George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore. 

Sir Henry Vane. 

Peter Stuyyesant 

William Penn 

James Oglethorpe 

Jonathan Edwards 

Montca'm 

William Pitt 

James Wolfe 

Cotton Mather 

George IIL 

Samuel Adams 

James Otis 

Patrick Henry 

John Dickenson 

Governor Hutchinson 

John Hancock 

III. REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

Goorge Washinfrt;>ri 
Gen. William Howe 



,a-oi 



/ Uemjdict Arnold 

<Jen. Nathaniel Greene 
<ien Isreal Putnam 
<}cn. William Moultree 
Richard Henry Lee 
Thomas Jefferson 
Benjamin Franklin 
Lafayette 
Burgoyne 

Gen. Phillip Schuyler 
Gen. John Stark 
Gen. Horatio Gates 
Baron von Stueben 
Gen. Anthony Wayne 
Daniel Boone 
Gen. Sullivan 
George Rogers Clark 
John Paul Jones 
Lord Cornwallis 
Gen, Tarleton 
Gen. Daniel Morgan. 

IV, CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT 

Alexander Hamilton 
James Madison 
John Jay 

V, PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS FROM 1789-11 

George Washington 
John Adams 
C. C. Pinckney 
Albert Gallatin 
John Marshall 
Stephen Decatur 
Robert Fulton 
Eli Whitney 
John C. Caliioun 
Capt. Isaac Hull 
Capt James Lawrence 
Capt. 0. H. Perry 
Commodore McDonough 
Andrew Jackson 
James Monroe 
Henry Clay 
John Randolph 
John Quincy Adams 
William Lloyd Garriscr 



102 

Theodore Parker 
Martin Van Buren 
Daniel Webster 
Thos. H. Benton 
Robert Y. Hayne 
Wendell Phillips 
William Henry Harriso» 
John Tyler 
Gen. Samuel Houston 
James K. Polk 
Gen. Zachary Taylor 
Gen. Winfield Scott 
William H. Seward 
Millard Fillmore 
Franklin Pierce 
Caleb Gushing 
Chas. Sumner 
John C. Fremont 
James Buchanan 
Roger B. Taney 
Harriet Beecher Stowe 
Stephen A. Douglas 
Abraham Lincoln 
John Brown 
Salmon P. Chase 
Jefferson Davis 
Alexander H. Stephen!? 
Cyrus W. Field 

VI. CIVIL WAR. 1861-1865. 

Gen. Beauregard 
Gen. Nathaniel Lyon 
Edwin M. Stanton 
Uylsses Grant 
Gen. A. S. Johnston 
Gen. Braxton Bragg 
Gen. W. S. Rosecrans 

John Ericsson 
Adwiral D. G .Farragut 
Gen. George B. McClellan 
Gen. J. F Johnston 
Gen. Stonewall Jackson 
Gen. Robert E. Lee 
Gen. H. W. Halleck 
Gen. John Pope 

Gen. A. E. Burnside 
Gen. George H. Thomac 



10$ 



(Jen. W .T. Sherman 
Gen. Joseph Hooker 
den. George H. Mead • 
Gen. James Longstreet 
Gen. George E. Picko',* 
Gen. B. F .Butler 
Gen. John B. Hood 
Gen. P. H. Sherid-i 

VII. CIVIL WAR TO PRESENT DAY. 

Andrew Johnson 
Thaddeus Stevens 
Horati* Seymour 
Horace Greely 
Gen. George A. Custer 
R. B. Hayes 
Samuel J. Tildcn 
Gen. W. S. Hancock 
James A. Garfield 
Chester A. Arthur 
James G. Blaine 
Grover Cleveland 
Benjamin Harrison 
William McKinley 
William J. Bryan 
Admiral George Dewey 
Gen. Wm. R. Shatter 
Admiral W. T. Sampson 
Gen. Nelson A. Miles 
Theordore Roosevelt 
Admiral W. S. Schley 
Judge Alton B. Parker 
Wra. H. Taft 
Sen. R. M. LaFollette 
James Bryce 
Woodrow Wilson 



CHIEF AMERICAN WRITERS AND WHAT 
THEY WROTE 

COLONIAL. 

John Smith 1579-1631 

A True Relation of Virginia 
William Bradford 1588-1657 

History of Plymouth Plantation 



John Winthrop, 1588-164:!? 

History of New England. 
Samuel Seawell, 1652-1730 

Diary. 
John Eliot, 1604-1690 

Trans/ated parts of Bible into Indian language, 
Anne Bradstreet, 1612-1672 

First American poet. First literary woman to gain repalation amtinrg: 

contemporsries. 
Cotton Mather, 1663-1728. 

Magnalia. Most prolific of all early writers', 
William Byrd, 1674-1744. 

History of the Dividing Line. Various narratives of rea-i'ly Co»- 

lonial life. 
Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758. 

Freedom of the Will. Religious Affections- 
fr. REVOLUTIONARY 

Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1809 

Autobiography. Poor Richard's Almanac. 

Essays and State Documents on different subjects- 
Thomas Paine, 1737-1809. 

The Crisis. Common Sense. Rights of Man. 



Orators and Statesmen of This Period 

Patrick Henry, Jatnes Otis, George Washignton, Samuel Adams, Alexan- 
der Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson (Author of Declaration of Independence). 



THE HARTFORD WITS. 

Jo«l Barlow, 1754-1812, 

The Columbiad (First American Epic Poem) . 

Timothy Dwight, 1752-1817. 

The Conquest of Canaan. Columbia, 

John Trumbull, 1750-1831. 
M'Fingal, and other poems. 

Phillip Freneau, I752-I832. 

The Wild Honeysuckle. The Indian Burying Ground. To a Hon- 
ey Bee. , * 
III. FIRST NATIONAL PERIOD. 

Washington Irving-prose writer. 1783-1859- 

Knickerbocker History of New York, 

Bracebridge Hall 

Sketch Book 

Tales of a Traveller 

The Alhambra 

Conquest of Granada 



lor, 



Mahommet and His Successors 

Life of Columbus 

Life of Goldsmith 

Life of Washington 

Tour of the Prairies 

Rip Van Winkle (First Short Story) 
Edgar Allan Poe--prose writer, poet. 1809-1849. 

Philosophy of Composition 

The Gold Bug 

The Fall of the House of Usher 

The Murders in the Rue Morgue 

The Black Cat 

William Wilson 

The Cask of Amontillado 

The Raven 

The Bells 

To Helen 

Annabel Lee 

Israfel 

Lenore 
William Cullen Bryant — paet, journalist- 1794-1878. 

Thanatopsis 

To a Waterfowl 

The Ages 

The Death of the Flowers 

Song of Marion's Men 

To a Fringed Gentian 

The Yellow Violet 

Translation of the Illiad and Odssey 
James Fenimore Cooper — novelist. 1789-1851. 

The Spy 

The Poineers 

The Last of the Mohicans 

The Deerslayer 

The Pathfinder 

The Red Rover 

The Pilot 
William Gilmore Simms — prose writer- 1806-1870. 

History of South Carolina 

The Yemassee 

The Wigwam and the Cabin 
Nathaniel P. Willis. 1806-1867. 

Tokens and Garlands 
Joseph Rodman Drake. 1795-1820. 

The Culprit Fay 

The American Flag. 
Fitz-Grecne Halleck. 1790-1867. 



106 



Marco Bozarris 
Fannie 

ORATORS OF THE PERIOD - __- ohTe 



Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Edward Everett, Abra- 
ham Lincoln. 

IV. SECOND NATIONAL PERIOD. 

TRANSCENDENTAL SCHOOL 

Hawthorne, Greeley; Dana; Curtis; Emerson; Thoreau; Channing 
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow — poet, prose writer. 1807-1882. 

Outre Mer 

Hyperion 

Voices of the Night 

Hiawatha 

Evangeline 

Courtship of Miles Standish 

The Golden Legend 

The Spanish Student 

The Village Blacksmith 

Tales of a Wayside Inn, &c, &c 
John Greenleaf Whittier— poet. 1807-1892. 

Snow Bound 

The Tent on the Beach 

Various poems on slavery and short poems of the Civil War. 
Ralph Waldo Emerson — essayist, poet- 1803-1882. Leading Amer- 
ican essayist. 
Essays on: 

Self-Reliance 

Art 

Love 

Friendship 

Compensation 
Poems: 

Concord Hymn 

Voluntaries 

Rhodora 

Each and All 

The Snowstorm 
James Russell Lowell-prose writer, poet, dipomat, 1819-1891, 

The Vision of Sir Launfal 

Commeration Ode 

The Changeling 

Aladdin 

The Biglow Papers 



107 



FiresideTravels 

Among My Books 
My Study Windows 
Essays on: 

Dante, Chaucer; Milton; Emerson; &c. 
Oliver Wendell Holmes — poet, prose writer, doctor, 1809-1894. 

Old Ironsides 

The Deacon's Masterpiece 

The Las'^ Leaf 
The Boys 

The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table 

Text-books in medicine. 
Sidney Lanier — poet, critic, musician. 1842-1881. 

The Song of the Chattahoochee 

The Marshes of Glynn 

Sunrise 

Science of English Verse 
Walt Whitman — poet. 1819-1892. 

Leaves of Grass 

O Captain, My Captain 

Song of the Open Road 
Nathaniel Hawthorne — novelist, story writer. 1804-1864. 

Twice-Told Tales 

The Scarlet Letter 

The Marble Faun 

The House of Seven Gables 

The Blithedale Romance 

Grandfather's Chair 

The Snow Image 

Mosses from an Old Manse 

SECONDARY WRITERS OF THE PERIOD. 

John Esten Cooke. 1830-1886. 

Mohun 

Surry of Eagles Nest 

History of Virginia, &c. 
Harriet Beecher Stowe. 1811«1896. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin 

Oldtown Folks, &c 
Bayard Taylor. 1825-1878. 

Song of the Camp 

Bedouin Love Song 

Centennial Ode 

The Masque of the Gods 

Hannah Thurston 



108 

Translation of "Faust" 
Henry David Thoreau. 1817-1862. 

Walden 
Abram J. Ryan (Father Ryan) 1839-1886. 

The Deathless Dead 

The Conquered Banner 

The Sword of Lee 
Henry Timrod 1829-1867. 

Hymn: At Magnolia Cemetery. 

Spring 
Paul Hamilton Hayne. 1831-1886. 

The Battle of King's Mountain. 

A Little While 
Edward Everett Hale, Fitz-James O'Brien, Edward Eggleston. 

V. MODERN AUTHORS. 

Bret Harte. 1839-1902. 

The Outcasts of Poker Flat 
Tennessee's Partner 

The Luck of Roaring Camp 

The Grizzly 

The Heathen Chinee 

(Wrote numerous stories of the "Forty-Niners" and the great gold 

rush to California.) 
Samuel L. Clemens ("Mark Twain") 1835-1910. 

Life on the Mississippi 

Innocents Abroad 

The Prince and the Pauper 

Tom Sawyei 

Huckleberry Finn 

Hucklegerry Finn 
William Sidney Porter ("O'Henry") 1835-1910. 

The Gift of the Magi 

A Retrieved Reformation 

The Enchanted Kiss 

(Wrote numerous other Short- Stories) 
Eugene Field 1850-1895 

Little Boy Blue 

Wynken, Blyken, and Nod — and many other poems for chlidren. 
James Whitcomb Riley. 1853- ' 

Aftei-whiles 

The Raggedy Man 

Neighborly Poems 
Thomas Bailey Aldrich. 1836-1907. 

The Stoi-y of a Bad Boy 



109 



Forever and a Day 
Bagatelles 

Judith and Holofernes 
Joaquin Miller 1841-1912. 

Songs of the Sierras 

The Ship in the Deseil 
VI. AMERICAN HISTORIANS 

WUIiam H. Prescott 17961859 

Conquest of Mexico 

Conquest of Peru 
John Lothrop Motley 1814-1877. 

Rise of the Dutch Republic 

Life and Death of John Barneveld 
George Bancroft. 1800-1891. 

History of the United States 
Francis Parkman 1823-1893 

The Conspiracy of Pontiac 

Montcalm and Wolfe, &c. 
John Fiske 1842-1901 

History of the American People 




19 8 9 







« 4 » » 


















•\/%'-.^'°>'^'"** '• 















pk 






















W3^ N. MANCHESTER, 
^5^5^ INDIANA 46962 





